BLOOD, HEMOSTASIS, AND BLOOD GROUP Flashcards
-Distribution of gases nutrients, metabolic and metabolic waste
-Hormone transport
-Regulates body temperature
-Regulates body PH (7.35 to 7.45)
-Protection against infections(WBC)
-Cell formation
BODY FUNCTION
-The more oxygen we have the more brighter our blood is
-The less oxygen we have the darker our blood
BLOOD
-Liquid part of our blood
-55% of our blood volume
PLASMA
-Red blood cells
-White blood cells
-Platelets
FORMED ELEMENT
-Consist of 99% water
-The water will act as a solvent for other substances
-Proteins are the majority of the other substances
BLOOD PLASMA (1)
-Blood plasma 55%
-Buffy coat less than 1%
-Red blood cells 45%
BLOOD PLASMA (2)
.Men 47 (+/- 5%)
.Women 42 (+/- 5%)
-The higher the value, the higher the viscosity
BLOOD VISCOSITY NORMAL VALUE
VISCOSITY=THICK
-Percentage of the blood that consist of erythrocytes
HEMOCRIT same as (HEMATOCRIT)
-Occurs in red bone marrow and it is the formation of all formed elements
-All formed elements start as stem cells (hemocytoblast)
BLOOD CELL FORMATION
-HEMOPOIESIS/HEMATOPOIESIS
-Is driven by the influence of hormone and growth depending on the needs of the body
PROCESS OF HEMOPOIESIS/HEMATOPOIESIS
-Live for 100 to 200
-Constantly reproducing them
-Most numerous cells of blood
-The red color comes from protein (Hemoglobin)
-No molecules or mitochondria cannot use the oxygen to generate ATP
ERYTHROCYTES=RED BLOOD CELLS
-The stem cells transforms into a proerythroblast
-Develops into a erythroblast
-Develops further into a reticulocyte (which can already transport O2)
ERYTHROPOIESIS
Immature red blood cells
RETICULOCYTE
Mature red blood cells
ERYTHROCYTE
Transport of oxygen from lungs to the tissue and is dependent on hemoglobin
ERYTHROCYTES MAIN FUNCTION
-Men 16(+/-2)
-Women 14(+/-2)
-Globin=protein, Hemo= one atom of iron
HEMOGLOBIN NORMAL VALUE
In order to be fully oxygenated we need…..
4 MOLECULES
The graveyard to the RBCs
SPLEEN
-Oxygen deficiency in tissues
-There are receptors in the kidneys and liver that can sense it
HYPOXIA
Stimulate the red bone marrow to produce more
SECRETE ERYTHROPOIETIN (EPO)
Can increase EPO production
TESTOSTERONE
Blood low amount of RBCs
ANEMIA
-WBCs=defense
-Can leave capillaries via diapesis
Leukocytes
-Normal value: 5,000 to 10,800
LEUKOCYTES NORMAL VALUE
-WBCs formation
-Originates from hemocytoblast in the bone marrow
LEUKOPOIEIS
-WBC count over 11,000/mm3
- Normal response to bacterial or viral invasion
LEUCOCYTOSIS
-Chemical messengers that stimulate the formation and release of these
specific leukocytes
Interleukins (Ils) and Colony-stimulating factors (CSFs)
-End in phils
-Larger and shorter-lived than RBCs
GRANULOCYTE
-Lack of visible cytoplasmic granules
-Have spherical or kidney-shaped nuclei
AGRANULOCYTE
Neutrophils
lymphocytes
Monocytes
eosinophils
basophils
60 NEVER
30 LET
8 MY
2 ENGINE
0 BLOW
-Most numerous WBCs
-Refers to the fact that the nuclei have many different shapes
-Give the cytoplasm a lilac color
-Very phagocytic — “bacteria slayers”
NEUTROPHILS
-Red-staining, bi-lobed nuclei
-Digest parasites that are too large to be phagocytized
-Modulators of the immune response” – regulate the effects of
histamine
Eosinophils
-Rarest WBCs
-Large, purplish-black (basophilic) granules contain histamine
Basophils
-Inflammatory chemical that acts as a vasodilator and attracts other WBCs to
inflamed site
Histamine
-Large, dark-purple, circular nuclei with a thin rim of blue
cytoplasm
Lymphocytes
-The largest leukocytes
-Activate lymphocytes to mount an immune response
Monocytes
- Effective against:
Viruses
Intracellular bacteria
Chronic infections
Macrophage
-Begins when injury occurs to the blood vessel, which leads to damage to the endothelium
Hemostasis
-Also known as thrombocytes
-These play a major role in hemostasis
-These are regulated by thrombopoietin
Platelets
-Leukopenia
-Leukemia: immature WBCs in the blood
Problems with leukocytes
- Vascular spasm
- Formation of platelet plug
- Coagulation of blood
3 Stages of Hemostasis
-slow it down does not completely stop it
Vascular spasm
-Naturally sticky
-Exposed collagen at the site of injury
Formation of
Platelet plug
-Set of reactions that will finalize the network that gets laid down to completely finish hemostasis and it will form a “blood clot”
Coagulation (clotting)
-fast
-tissue trauma
-activated by platelets
Triggered by the release of tissue
-Extrinsic
-more pathway, more detail
-blood trauma
intrinsic
-Thrombus
-Embolus
-Embolism
-Hemophilia
-Hepatitis
Disorders of Hemostasis
(Thromboembolic disorders)
clot formed in an unbroken vessel
Thrombus
if a piece of clot breaks off
Embolus
if the piece is lodged in an artery
Embolism
-A
-B
-AB
-O
4 TYPES OF BLOOD GROUPS
-Universal donors can donate to anybody
O
-Universal recipient can receive from anybody
AB
-Immune serum that prevents a mother’s blood from becoming sensitized to foreign antibodies from her fetus
RHOGAM
There are many antigens to this system but only three are common (C, D and
E)
- Only D is of clinical importance
- Rh+ or Rh-
RH FACTOR
