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Blood bank > Blood Group System > Flashcards

Blood Group System Flashcards

1
Q

First victim of BTR?

A

Pope Innocent VIII

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2
Q

Animal to animal transfusion

A

Richard Lower

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3
Q

Animal to human transfusion

A

Jean Baptiste Denis

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4
Q

Human to human transfusion

A

James Blundell

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5
Q

Traditional marker of T cells

A

CD 2

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6
Q

2 Characteristics of IMMUNOGEN

A

Immunogenicity
Antigenicity

I - stimulate ab prod
A - respond to its corresponding ab

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7
Q

2 ways a Female can be exposed to antigen

A
  1. Pregnancy

2. Blood transfusion

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8
Q

2 ways a Female can be exposed to antigen

A
  1. Pregnancy

2. Blood transfusion

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9
Q

[Incidence]

Rare antigens

A

Low incidence

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10
Q

[Incidence]

Private / Family Antigen

A

Low incidence

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11
Q

[Incidence]

Kell (K)

A

Low Incidence

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12
Q

Test for CGD

A

NBT (Nitroblue Tetrazolium Test)

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13
Q

[Incidence]

Common / Public Antigens

A

High incidence

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14
Q

[Incidence]

Cellano (k), Ii

A

High incidence

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15
Q

Main site of antibody production

A

Spleen

  • largest 2° lymphoid organ
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16
Q

Product of antigen exposure

A

Antibody

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17
Q

Targests antigen present on the px’s rbc

A

Autoantibody

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18
Q

Test for autoantibody

A

Autocontrol (AC) = px rbc + px serum

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19
Q

[Alloantibodies]

Naturally occuring / expected (no need for exposure; stimulus are unknown)

A

Natural Alloantibodies

ex. ABO ab

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20
Q

[Alloantibodies]

Unexpected

Product of exposure to foreign antigen

A

Immune antibody

ex. pregnancy, transfusion (Rh ab)

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21
Q

Smallest Ig

A

IgG

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22
Q

Coating ab

A

IgG

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23
Q

Can cross placenta

Can cause HDFN

A

IgG

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24
Q

Ig that reacts at 37°C

A

IgG

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25
Q

Ig that causes Agglutination

A

IgM

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26
Q

Largest Ig

A

IgM

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27
Q

Ig that reacts at RT or colder

A

IgM

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28
Q

3 major blood groups accdg to immunogenicity

A
  1. ABO
  2. Rh
  3. Kell
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29
Q

3rd most immunogenic blood group

A

Kell

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30
Q

Who discovered the ABO bgs (3)

A
  1. Karl Landsteiner
  2. Sturle
  3. Von Descatello
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31
Q

When is ABO bgs discovered

A

1901

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32
Q

Most immunogenic blood group system

ISBT 001

A

ABO

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33
Q

Final test for ABO type

A

Crossmatching

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34
Q

Universal donor of red cells

A

O

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35
Q

Universal plasma receiver

A

O

high risk for gastric ulcer

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36
Q

Universal red cell receiver

A

AB

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37
Q

Universal plasma donor

A

AB

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38
Q

High risk for gastric carcinoma

A

A

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39
Q

Has no antibody

A

AB

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40
Q

Has no antigen

A

O

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41
Q

Has anti-B

A

A

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42
Q

Has anti-A

A

B

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43
Q

Central dogma / golden rule

A

Ag + Ab = Reactiona

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44
Q

Positive reactions (3)

A
  1. Agglutination - IgM
  2. Hemolysis - Complement protein (2 IgG + 1 IgM)
  3. Precipitation - soluble Ag
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45
Q

Activates complement protein

A

Calcium

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46
Q

Seen in plasma due to fibrinogen

A

Rouleaux

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47
Q

Differentiates rouleaux from agglutination

A

NSS (0.9 or 0.85)

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48
Q

Anticoagulant without Calcium

Helps anti-thrombin

A

Heparin

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49
Q

ABO typing that uses

  • Red cells
  • Ag - Ab rxn
A

Forward / Direct typing

Anti-A - contains tryptophan (blue)
Anti-B - contains anti-flavin (yellow)

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50
Q

ABO typing that uses serum,
used to detect expected ab,
used as confirmatory for forward typing

A

Backward / Reverse / Indirect typing

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51
Q

Plant or animal extract that agglutinate red cell with specificity

A

ABO Lectins

A - Dolichos biflorus
B - Bandeiraea simplicifolia
O - Ulex europeus

52
Q

Chromosome : ABO

A

Chromosome 9

53
Q

Chromosome : H gene

A

Chromosome 19

54
Q

Chromosome : Se gene

A

Chromosome 19

55
Q

Gene responsible for the formation of ABH Ag in the surface of rbcs

A

H gene

56
Q

(gene) formation of the ABH ag in body secretions

A

Se gene

57
Q

Antibacterial property in saliva and tears
Targets gram (+)
(+) Teichoic acid

A

Lysozyme

58
Q

Amorph gene

A

O gene

59
Q

Immunodominant sugars of ABO

A

A: N-acetyl galactosamine
B: D-galactose
O: L-fucose

60
Q

A subgroup that is (-) with anti-B

A

A2

61
Q

ABO phenotype that has the greatest antigen

A

O

62
Q

ABO phenotype with the least antigen

A

A1

63
Q

Specimen in determining the secretor status

A

Saliva

64
Q

Principle to determine secretor status

A

Agglutination inhibition / Neutralization

65
Q

Positive reaction for secretor state

A

No agglutination

66
Q

Group specific substances from other species

A

Wilebsky Substances

A substance : hog stomach
B substance : horse stomach

67
Q

Absence of ABH ag (H gene)

A

Bombay (Oh)

68
Q

Can “O” Negative PRBC be transfused during emergency?

A

No - because of Anti-H (naturally occuring)

69
Q

Used to differentiate O antigen from Bombay

A

O lectin (Ulex europeus)

70
Q

Original blood type of Acquired B Phenomenon

A

Type A

71
Q

D antigen (ISBT 004)

A

Rh blood group

72
Q

Discovered Rh bgs (2)

A

Levine

Steffon

73
Q

Immunogenicity of Rh bgs

A

D > c > E > C > e

74
Q

2 Rh genes

A 
RHD gene (D ag)
RHCE gene (CE ag)
75
Q

Absence of RHCE gene

A

D deletion

76
Q

Impossible to be seen in Rh blood group (4)

A
  1. Anti F
  2. Anti d
  3. Anti c
  4. Anti C
77
Q

Confirmation for Rh-

A

IAT (Indirect Antiglobulin Test)

RC + Anti-D = No agglutination

Rh- ➡ IAT ➡ (+) Agglutination ➡ Weak D / Partial D

78
Q

Mode of inheritance of Rh blood group

A

Autosomal dominant

79
Q

Weak D:

Px: Rh (-)
Donor: _____

A

Rh (+)

80
Q

Weak D expression (2)

A

Genetic Weak D (few number of D ag)

C-trans (“position effect”)

81
Q

One or more parts of D ag is missing

A

Partial D (D mosaic)

82
Q

Rh phenotype that causes stomatocytosis;

real life saver; all Ag are absent

A

Rh null

83
Q

Incomplete D antigenic site

A

D antigen only

84
Q

Present on most D positive and all C positive cells

A

G

85
Q

Ig in ABO

A

IgM

86
Q

Liberation of the fetal blood ➡ mother producea Rh(+) antibodies

A

Fetomaternal hemorrhage

Pathogenesis:
✅ Hemolysis - when maternal IgG attaches specific Ags of the fetal rbcs
✅ Anemia - destruction of red cells
✅ Erythropoiesis - increased prod of immature red cells

87
Q

Ganglia stained with Bilirubin

  • Occurs in babies due to BBB still not intact
A

Kernicterus

88
Q

Decrease haptoglobin (because hapto is increased in the liver)

A

Intravascular hemolysis

89
Q

Percutaneous umbilical cord sampling

A

Cordocentesis

90
Q

IgG subclass that cannot activate complement

A

IgG4

91
Q

Blood used in Intrauterine Transfusion (to correct anemia)

*blood trans thru umbilical vein

A

Mother’s blood

92
Q

Remove the excess bilirubin or toxic blood rich in bilirubin

A

Exchange transfusion

93
Q

Prevents formation of anti-D

A

RhIG (Rhogam)

94
Q

Detect the fetal maternal blood (Qualitative / Screening test)

A

Rosette testing

Maternal blood + reagent 1 (anti-D) + reagent 2 (Rh positive cells)

(+) rosette = anti-D sticks to the baby’s rbc

95
Q

Quantitative Procedure; uses acid elution

A

Kleihauer-Betke

96
Q

Hemoglobin resistant to acid elution

A

HbF

97
Q

BGS with IgG (5)

A 
Rh
Duffy
Kidd
Kell
Ss
98
Q 
✅ ISBT 007
✅ Produced in secretions but absorbed in the surface of red cells
✅ Manufactured by Tissue cells
✅ "Plasma Antigens"
✅ Fucosyl transferase
A

Lewis BGS

99
Q

Le assoc with receptor of H.pylori and Norwalk virus

A

Le b

100
Q

Le marker for Reddsterbeg cell

A

Le x

101
Q

(Le) increased renal graft and heart disease; increases susceptibility to infxn by candida and uropathogenic E.coli

A

Le (a-b)

102
Q

✅ ISBT 002
✅ Chromosome 4
✅ Glycoprotein found only on RBC
✅ Exhibit dosage effect

A

MNSs

103
Q

BGS that exhibit dosage effect (5)

A 
MNSs
Duffy
Kidd
Lutheran
Rh
104
Q

P. falciparum resistant

A

M-N-

105
Q

✅ Weak IgM

✅ Sources: liver flukes, tapeworms, earthworms, pidgeons and turtledoves

A

Anti-P1

106
Q

Causes spontaneous abortion

A

Anti-PP1 K (anti-Tja)

107
Q

IgG biphasic hemolysis (PCH) - Reacts at warm and cold temp

A

Anti-P (Donath-Landsteiner)

108
Q

Receptor for shiga toxin and E.coli assoc. hemolytic uremic syndrome

A

PK Antigen

109
Q

Receptor for Parvovirus B19 (5th disease; smallest DNA virus)

A

P Antigen

110
Q

High incidence antigen; Individuality

A

Ii

i - linear antigen
I - branching antigen

111
Q

IM, HEMPAS, alcoholic cirrhosis, reticulosis

A

Anti-i

112
Q

Primary Atypical Anemia (m.pneumoniae)

A

Anti-I

113
Q

Receptor for EBV

A

CD 25

114
Q

Meaning of HEMPAS

A

Hereditary Erythroblastic Multinuclearity with Positive Acidified Serum Test

115
Q

Sterol found in fungi

A

Ergosterol

116
Q

Sterol found in humans

A

Cholesterol

117
Q

Precursor of Kell

A

Kx

118
Q

Absence of Kell causes (2):

A

Acanthocytes, McLeod phenotype

119
Q

ISBT 008; Chemokine receptor

A

Duffy (Fy)

120
Q

P. vivax and P. knowlesi resistant

A

Fy null

121
Q

ZZAP meaning

A

Cysteine Activated Papain

✅ eluting reagent
✅ removes bound ab

122
Q 
ISBT 009; Urea transport
#1 cause of delayed HTR
A

Kidd (Jk)

123
Q

Antibody against Kell

A

Methyldopa (aldomet)

124
Q

BGS: Mongolian ancestry

A

Diego

125
Q

Cheapest potentiator/enhancement medium; 30mins to 1hr incubation period

A

22% bovine serum albumin

126
Q

Potentiator that removes excess water

A

PEG / polyethylene glycol

Blood bank (1 decks)

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