Blood Group System Flashcards
1
Q
First victim of BTR?
A
Pope Innocent VIII
2
Q
Animal to animal transfusion
A
Richard Lower
3
Q
Animal to human transfusion
A
Jean Baptiste Denis
4
Q
Human to human transfusion
A
James Blundell
5
Q
Traditional marker of T cells
A
CD 2
6
Q
2 Characteristics of IMMUNOGEN
A
Immunogenicity
Antigenicity
I - stimulate ab prod
A - respond to its corresponding ab
7
Q
2 ways a Female can be exposed to antigen
A
- Pregnancy
2. Blood transfusion
8
Q
2 ways a Female can be exposed to antigen
A
- Pregnancy
2. Blood transfusion
9
Q
[Incidence]
Rare antigens
A
Low incidence
10
Q
[Incidence]
Private / Family Antigen
A
Low incidence
11
Q
[Incidence]
Kell (K)
A
Low Incidence
12
Q
Test for CGD
A
NBT (Nitroblue Tetrazolium Test)
13
Q
[Incidence]
Common / Public Antigens
A
High incidence
14
Q
[Incidence]
Cellano (k), Ii
A
High incidence
15
Q
Main site of antibody production
A
Spleen
- largest 2° lymphoid organ
16
Q
Product of antigen exposure
A
Antibody
17
Q
Targests antigen present on the px’s rbc
A
Autoantibody
18
Q
Test for autoantibody
A
Autocontrol (AC) = px rbc + px serum
19
Q
[Alloantibodies]
Naturally occuring / expected (no need for exposure; stimulus are unknown)
A
Natural Alloantibodies
ex. ABO ab
20
Q
[Alloantibodies]
Unexpected
Product of exposure to foreign antigen
A
Immune antibody
ex. pregnancy, transfusion (Rh ab)
21
Q
Smallest Ig
A
IgG
22
Q
Coating ab
A
IgG
23
Q
Can cross placenta
Can cause HDFN
A
IgG
24
Q
Ig that reacts at 37°C
A
IgG
25
Ig that causes Agglutination
IgM
26
Largest Ig
IgM
27
Ig that reacts at RT or colder
IgM
28
3 major blood groups accdg to immunogenicity
1. ABO
2. Rh
3. Kell
29
3rd most immunogenic blood group
Kell
30
Who discovered the ABO bgs (3)
1. Karl Landsteiner
2. Sturle
3. Von Descatello
31
When is ABO bgs discovered
1901
32
Most immunogenic blood group system
ISBT 001
ABO
33
Final test for ABO type
Crossmatching
34
Universal donor of red cells
O
35
Universal plasma receiver
O
high risk for gastric ulcer
36
Universal red cell receiver
AB
37
Universal plasma donor
AB
38
High risk for gastric carcinoma
A
39
Has no antibody
AB
40
Has no antigen
O
41
Has anti-B
A
42
Has anti-A
B
43
Central dogma / golden rule
Ag + Ab = Reactiona
44
Positive reactions (3)
1. Agglutination - IgM
2. Hemolysis - Complement protein (2 IgG + 1 IgM)
3. Precipitation - soluble Ag
45
Activates complement protein
Calcium
46
Seen in plasma due to fibrinogen
Rouleaux
47
Differentiates rouleaux from agglutination
NSS (0.9 or 0.85)
48
Anticoagulant without Calcium
| Helps anti-thrombin
Heparin
49
ABO typing that uses
- Red cells
- Ag - Ab rxn
Forward / Direct typing
Anti-A - contains tryptophan (blue)
Anti-B - contains anti-flavin (yellow)
50
ABO typing that uses serum,
used to detect expected ab,
used as confirmatory for forward typing
Backward / Reverse / Indirect typing
51
Plant or animal extract that agglutinate red cell with specificity
ABO Lectins
A - Dolichos biflorus
B - Bandeiraea simplicifolia
O - Ulex europeus
52
Chromosome : ABO
Chromosome 9
53
Chromosome : H gene
Chromosome 19
54
Chromosome : Se gene
Chromosome 19
55
Gene responsible for the formation of ABH Ag in the surface of rbcs
H gene
56
(gene) formation of the ABH ag in body secretions
Se gene
57
Antibacterial property in saliva and tears
Targets gram (+)
(+) Teichoic acid
Lysozyme
58
Amorph gene
O gene
59
Immunodominant sugars of ABO
A: N-acetyl galactosamine
B: D-galactose
O: L-fucose
60
A subgroup that is (-) with anti-B
A2
61
ABO phenotype that has the greatest antigen
O
62
ABO phenotype with the least antigen
A1
63
Specimen in determining the secretor status
Saliva
64
Principle to determine secretor status
Agglutination inhibition / Neutralization
65
Positive reaction for secretor state
No agglutination
66
Group specific substances from other species
Wilebsky Substances
A substance : hog stomach
B substance : horse stomach
67
Absence of ABH ag (H gene)
Bombay (Oh)
68
Can "O" Negative PRBC be transfused during emergency?
No - because of Anti-H (naturally occuring)
69
Used to differentiate O antigen from Bombay
O lectin (Ulex europeus)
70
Original blood type of Acquired B Phenomenon
Type A
71
D antigen (ISBT 004)
Rh blood group
72
Discovered Rh bgs (2)
Levine
| Steffon
73
Immunogenicity of Rh bgs
D > c > E > C > e
74
2 Rh genes
```
RHD gene (D ag)
RHCE gene (CE ag)
```
75
Absence of RHCE gene
D deletion
76
Impossible to be seen in Rh blood group (4)
1. Anti F
2. Anti d
3. Anti c
4. Anti C
77
Confirmation for Rh-
IAT (Indirect Antiglobulin Test)
RC + Anti-D = No agglutination
Rh- ➡ IAT ➡ (+) Agglutination ➡ Weak D / Partial D
78
Mode of inheritance of Rh blood group
Autosomal dominant
79
Weak D:
Px: Rh (-)
Donor: _____
Rh (+)
80
Weak D expression (2)
Genetic Weak D (few number of D ag)
C-trans ("position effect")
81
One or more parts of D ag is missing
Partial D (D mosaic)
82
Rh phenotype that causes stomatocytosis;
| real life saver; all Ag are absent
Rh null
83
Incomplete D antigenic site
D antigen only
84
Present on most D positive and all C positive cells
G
85
Ig in ABO
IgM
86
Liberation of the fetal blood ➡ mother producea Rh(+) antibodies
Fetomaternal hemorrhage
Pathogenesis:
✅ Hemolysis - when maternal IgG attaches specific Ags of the fetal rbcs
✅ Anemia - destruction of red cells
✅ Erythropoiesis - increased prod of immature red cells
87
Ganglia stained with Bilirubin
- Occurs in babies due to BBB still not intact
Kernicterus
88
Decrease haptoglobin (because hapto is increased in the liver)
Intravascular hemolysis
89
Percutaneous umbilical cord sampling
Cordocentesis
90
IgG subclass that cannot activate complement
IgG4
91
Blood used in Intrauterine Transfusion (to correct anemia)
*blood trans thru umbilical vein
Mother's blood
92
Remove the excess bilirubin or toxic blood rich in bilirubin
Exchange transfusion
93
Prevents formation of anti-D
RhIG (Rhogam)
94
Detect the fetal maternal blood (Qualitative / Screening test)
Rosette testing
Maternal blood + reagent 1 (anti-D) + reagent 2 (Rh positive cells)
(+) rosette = anti-D sticks to the baby's rbc
95
Quantitative Procedure; uses acid elution
Kleihauer-Betke
96
Hemoglobin resistant to acid elution
HbF
97
BGS with IgG (5)
```
Rh
Duffy
Kidd
Kell
Ss
```
98
```
✅ ISBT 007
✅ Produced in secretions but absorbed in the surface of red cells
✅ Manufactured by Tissue cells
✅ "Plasma Antigens"
✅ Fucosyl transferase
```
Lewis BGS
99
Le assoc with receptor of H.pylori and Norwalk virus
Le b
100
Le marker for Reddsterbeg cell
Le x
101
(Le) increased renal graft and heart disease; increases susceptibility to infxn by candida and uropathogenic E.coli
Le (a-b)
102
✅ ISBT 002
✅ Chromosome 4
✅ Glycoprotein found only on RBC
✅ Exhibit dosage effect
MNSs
103
BGS that exhibit dosage effect (5)
```
MNSs
Duffy
Kidd
Lutheran
Rh
```
104
P. falciparum resistant
M-N-
105
✅ Weak IgM
| ✅ Sources: liver flukes, tapeworms, earthworms, pidgeons and turtledoves
Anti-P1
106
Causes spontaneous abortion
Anti-PP1 K (anti-Tja)
107
IgG biphasic hemolysis (PCH) - Reacts at warm and cold temp
Anti-P (Donath-Landsteiner)
108
Receptor for shiga toxin and E.coli assoc. hemolytic uremic syndrome
PK Antigen
109
Receptor for Parvovirus B19 (5th disease; smallest DNA virus)
P Antigen
110
High incidence antigen; Individuality
Ii
i - linear antigen
I - branching antigen
111
IM, HEMPAS, alcoholic cirrhosis, reticulosis
Anti-i
112
Primary Atypical Anemia (m.pneumoniae)
Anti-I
113
Receptor for EBV
CD 25
114
Meaning of HEMPAS
Hereditary Erythroblastic Multinuclearity with Positive Acidified Serum Test
115
Sterol found in fungi
Ergosterol
116
Sterol found in humans
Cholesterol
117
Precursor of Kell
Kx
118
Absence of Kell causes (2):
Acanthocytes, McLeod phenotype
119
ISBT 008; Chemokine receptor
Duffy (Fy)
120
P. vivax and P. knowlesi resistant
Fy null
121
ZZAP meaning
Cysteine Activated Papain
✅ eluting reagent
✅ removes bound ab
122
```
ISBT 009; Urea transport
#1 cause of delayed HTR
```
Kidd (Jk)
123
Antibody against Kell
Methyldopa (aldomet)
124
BGS: Mongolian ancestry
Diego
125
Cheapest potentiator/enhancement medium; 30mins to 1hr incubation period
22% bovine serum albumin
126
Potentiator that removes excess water
PEG / polyethylene glycol
