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TAS Endocrinology > Blood Glucose Regulation ✅ > Flashcards

Blood Glucose Regulation ✅ Flashcards

1
Q

What organ plays a major role in the regulation of blood glucose concentrations?

A

The pancreas

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2
Q

What is the embryological origin of the pancreas?

A

Endodermal, arising from the embryonic foregut

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3
Q

What happens to the pancreatic bud endoderm in embryological development?

A

Islet cell clusters differentiate from the pancreatic bud endoderm. These cell clusters from acini and ducts. On the edge of these cell clusters, pancreatic islets form

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4
Q

What are Pax genes?

A

A family of genes coding for tissue specific transcription factors

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5
Q

What Pax genes are involved in pancreatic embryological development?

A

Pax-6 and Pax-0

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6
Q

What does Pax-6 do?

A

Facilitates development of pancreatic β and δ cells

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7
Q

What do pancreatic β-cells release?

A

Insulin

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8
Q

What do pancreatic δ-cells release?

A

Somatostatin

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9
Q

What does Pax-0 do?

A

Facilitates development of α and γ cells

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10
Q

What do pancreatic α cells release?

A

Glucagono

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11
Q

What do pancreatic γ cells release?

A

Pancreatic polypeptide

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12
Q

When is fetal endocrine function evident?

A

10-15 weeks

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13
Q

What cells regulate pancreatic endocrine function?

A

Islets of Langerhans

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14
Q

Describe the structure of the Islets of Langerhans?

A

Insulin secreting beta cells occupy the central part, and are surrounded by a ring of glucagon secreting alpha, and somatostatin secreting delta cells.

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15
Q

Why are the Islets of Langerhans well vascularised?

A

To facilitate rapid hormone release

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16
Q

What innervates the Islets of Langerhans?

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic neurones

17
Q

What does the Islets of Langerhans being innervated by sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system imply?

A

There is a neurological contribution to pancreatic endocrine function

18
Q

What happens when blood glucose levels rise after feeding?

A

Insulin is secreted

19
Q

What does insulin do?

A
  • Converts glucose to glycogen

- Facilitates cellular uptake of glucose

20
Q

What happens when glucose is taken up by cells in response to insulin?

A

It is converted to glucose-6-phosphate

21
Q

What happens when glucose levels fall during fasting?

A

Concentrations are maintained through secretion of glucagon

22
Q

What does glucagon do?

A

Facilitates glucose production through glycogenolysis

23
Q

What other hormones contribute to gluconeogenesis?

A

Other counter-regulatory hormones such as cortisol, growth hormone, and adrenaline.

24
Q

How do other counter-regulatory hormones contribute to gluconeogenesis?

A

Through protein degradation and lipolysis

25
Q

How is lipolysis facilitated when blood glucose levels fall?

A

By the switching off of insulin release

26
Q

What transports triglycerides in the blood?

A

Very low density lipoproteins

27
Q

What happens when triglycerides reach their target tissues?

A

Lipases promote hydrolysis of triglycerides into glycerol and free fatty acids

28
Q

What happens to glycerol that is produced in lipolysis?

A

It is metabolised to rejoin the glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis pathways

29
Q

What happens to free fatty acids that are produced in lipolysis?

A

They are transported across the mitochondrial membrane to undergo a process of beta oxidation

30
Q

What does the process of beta oxidation of free fatty acids produce?

A

Two carbon molecules of acetyl co-A

31
Q

What happens to the carbon molecules of acetyl co-A after they are produced from free fatty acids?

A

They can enter the citric acid cycle to ultimately generate ATP

32
Q

Why are young children at particular risk from hypoglycaemia?

A
  • Relatively large brain size

- Limited glycogen stores

33
Q

How is the risk of hypoglycaemia in young children compensated for?

A

Infants in particular are able to generate ketones as an alternative cerebral fuel more easily than adults

TAS Endocrinology (6 decks)

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