Blood Glucose Concentration

Question 1

BGC reference range (fasting)

Answer 1

3.5-6 mmol/L

Question 2

metabolic effects of insulin

Answer 2

muscle: glucose and amino acid uptake increase, glycogen and protein synthesis fat: fat synthesis Liver: net glucose uptake increases, glycogen synthesis

Question 3

diabetes mellitus symptoms

Answer 3

hyperglycaemia, glycosuria, polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia

Question 4

glucagon metabolic effects

Answer 4

liver: glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, ketone synthesis

Question 5

hormones that increase blood glucose

Answer 5

glucagon, cortisol, adrenaline

Question 6

insulin negative feedback loop

Answer 6

Question 7

type I diabetes mellitus

Answer 7

• normally diagnosed during childhood
• due to insulin producing beta cells being destroyed (autoimmune disease) so insulin levels low
• treatment = insulin injections with regular BGC testing
• 10% of cases

Question 8

diabetes mellitus type II

Answer 8

• usually in adults
• caused by cells resistant to insulin’s signal to store fuel e.g. fewer receptors
• insulin level also lowed
• treament = insulin injections, drugs promoting insulin release e.g. incretins, exercise
• risk factors = obesity, ethnicities, genetics

Question 9

complications of diabetes

Answer 9

• hyperglycaemia
• atherosclerosis
• kidney disease
• nerve damage
• blindness

Question 10

glucagon negative feedback loop

Answer 10