Blood Gases

Question 1

Definition of an acid

Answer 1

Substance that can donate hydrogen ions when dissolved in water

Question 2

Definition of base

Answer 2

a substance that accepts ions in water

Question 3

Normal pH of the body

Answer 3

7.35-7.45

Question 4

What buffer system works to balance pH in the body?

Answer 4

Carbonic acid/bicarbonate buffer system

Question 5

Henderson-hasselbalch equation

Answer 5

pH = pKa + log (cA-/cHA)

Question 6

What is the pLa

Answer 6

The pH where there is an equal amount of protonated and unprotonated species

Question 7

What does carbonic anhydrase do

Answer 7

catalyzes the combination of CO2 and H2O to form carbonic acid that dissociates into H+ and bicarbonate

Question 8

What does the kidney do in the bicarbonate buffer system

Answer 8

Regulates excretion of both acid and base, as well as reabsorbing bicarbonate

Question 9

What is Henry’s law

Answer 9

The amount of sparingly soluble gas dissolved in a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure of the gas over the liquid
C=axP

Question 10

Partial pressure

Answer 10

pressure that a gas would exert if it were the only gas present. This contributes to the overall pressure of a gas
volume/mole fraction of a gas x total pressure

Question 11

How do lungs maintain homeostasis

Answer 11

hyperventilation and hypoventilation

Question 12

how do kidneys maintain homeostasis

Answer 12

changes bicarbonate concentration in the blood. Excretion of H+ and retention of bicarbonate.

Question 13

Reference range for pCO2

Answer 13

35-45mmHg
85-105 mmol/L

Question 14

Ref. range for HCO3-

Answer 14

22-29mmol/L

Question 15

Ref range for total CO2

Answer 15

23-27mmol/L

Question 16

Ref range for SO2 and O2Hb

Answer 16

> 95%

Question 17

What is the response to maintain acid base balance called

Answer 17

Compensation

Question 18

What is primary respiratory acidosis/alkalosis

Answer 18

a disorder that is caused by ventilatory dysfunction resulting in a change in the pCO2

Question 19

What is non-respiratory/metabolic acidosis/alkalosis

Answer 19

a disorder that results from a change in bicarbonate levels which has a renal or metabolic origin

Question 20

Metaolic acidosis

Answer 20

-Increased anion gap
-loss of basic fluids/diarrhea
-renal failure and renal tubular acidosis
-pancreatitis

Question 21

Respiratory depression(acidosis)

Answer 21

-narcotics and barbituates
-CNS trauma, tumor
-infection of CNS

Question 22

Conditions of lungs(acidosis)

Answer 22

-COPD
-pulmonary fibrosis
-tumor
-pleural effusion
-acute respiratory distress

Question 23

Other causes of respiratory acidosis

Answer 23

abdominal distention, extreme obesity, sleep apnea

Question 24

Respiratory acidosis general definition

Answer 24

primary bicarbonate deficit throwing of the 20:1 ratio. Can happen bc of inc production of organic acids such as ketoacidosis

Question 25

Metabolic alkalosis reasons

Answer 25

-Loss of acids and other fluids along with chloride
-mineralocorticoid excess
-glucocorticoid excess
-exogenous base
-milk-alkali syndrome

Question 26

respiratory alkalosis reasons

Answer 26

-non-pulmonary stimulation of respiratory center
-pulmonary disorders
-ventilatory induced hyperventilation

Question 27

Metabolic alkalosis cause/definition

Answer 27

results from primary bicarbonate excess because excess base is being added to the system. Can occur when there is prolonged vomiting

Question 28

Primary aldosteronism

Answer 28

hormonal disorder that leads to high blood pressure. Happens when adrenal glands produce too much aldosterone which causes a problem with increase HCO3 reclamation.

Question 29

Primary respiratory alkalosis is from an…

Answer 29

increased rate of alveolar ventilation that causes excessive elimination of CO2 by the lungs