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CC1 LEC > Blood Gases > Flashcards

Blood Gases Flashcards

1
Q

Is a substance that can yield a hydrogen ion
(H+) when dissolved in water

A

Acid

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2
Q

Is a substance that can yield hydroxyl ions (OH-) when dissolved in water

A

Base

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3
Q

Bronsted-Lowry’s definition of base:
▪ Base is a substance that _________ in the reaction

A

accepts a proton

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4
Q

Bronsted-Lowry’s definition of acid:
▪ Acid is a substance that can _________ (H+) in the reaction

A

donate a proton

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5
Q

Unprotonated

A

acid

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6
Q

Unprotonated

A

acid

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7
Q

Protonated

A

base

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8
Q

Relative strengths of acids and bases

A

dissociation of constant k (value)

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9
Q

Ratio of dissociated ions to the _________

A

original acid

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10
Q

pH at which the protonated (the base) and unprotonated (the acid) forms are present in equal concentration

A

pKa

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11
Q

pKa _____ of the ionization constant

A

negative log

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12
Q

Strong acids has a pKa values of _____

A

less than 3.0

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13
Q

Raising the pH above the pK will cause it to dissociate and yield a H+ (hydrogen ion)

A

strong acids

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14
Q

Strong acids dissociates ______

A

completely

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15
Q

Strong bases has a pKa values of _______

A

greater than 9.0

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16
Q

Lowering the pH below the pK will cause it to release OH- (hydroxyl ion)

A

Strong bases

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17
Q

In strong bases ________

A

Completely dissociate

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18
Q

Dissociates completely

A

strong acids and bases

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19
Q

Some will dissociated, while others do not

A

weak acids and bases

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20
Q

It is a combination of a weak acids or weak base and its salt

A

buffer

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21
Q

main function of buffer

A

resist changes in pH

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22
Q

first line of defense

A

Buffer systems

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23
Q

For the buffer system in the intracellular fluid, this includes the ________________________________________

A

Phosphate buffer system and Protein buffer systems

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24
Q

Plays a role in both plasma and red blood cells

A

Phosphate buffer

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25
Q

Protein buffer system includes _________

A

hemoglobin buffer system, amino acid buffers, and plasma protein buffers

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26
Q

Acts as a buffer by transporting hydrogen ions from peripheral tissues to the lungs

A

hemoglobin buffer system

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27
Q

Most circulating proteins have a net negative charge, which means that proteins are capable of binding with hydrogen ions.

A

plasma protein buffer

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28
Q

If you have too much _______ inside your body, it would indicate that your blood is acidic, the _______ will now bind with you hydrogen ions to regulate your blood pH

A

hydrogen ions & proteins

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29
Q

For the buffer system in the extracellular fluid, this includes the ____________________________

A

Carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system and Protein buffer systems

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30
Q

considered as the main buffer system of the extracellular fluid

A

Carbonic acid bicarbonate buffer system

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31
Q

What are the following organs are the main organs which participate in the regulation of the acid-base status in the body:

A

lungs & kidney

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32
Q

It is a respiratory component

A

Lungs

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33
Q

It is a metabolic component

A

Kidney

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34
Q

When cells in our body metabolize, they release _____________ as a waste product

A

carbon dioxide

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35
Q

Forced to go inside the cell to maintain electroneutrality

A

Chloride

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36
Q

What do you call when chloride is forced to go inside the cell to maintain electroneutrality

A

chloride shift

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37
Q

__________ will accumulate in blood

A

bicarbonate

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38
Q

______ will combine ____ and result will be your carbonic acid

A

carbon dioxide (cO2), water (h2O)

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39
Q

Carbonic acid will immediately dissociate to ______________

A

hydrogen (h+) and bicarbonate (HCO3)

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40
Q

Carbonic acid is accelerated by the enzyme

A

Carbonic anhydrase

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41
Q

will bind with hemoglobin in the blood circulation
which eventually leads to the lungs

A

hydrogen ions

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42
Q

hydrogen ions will recombine to your bicarbonate
to form ________

A

carbonic acid

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43
Q

Carbonic acid will dissociate to ___________________
♦ carbon dioxide will be exhaled from the lungs

A

carbon dioxide & water

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44
Q

Carbonic acid will dissociate to ___________________

A

carbon dioxide & water

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45
Q

Carbon dioxide will be exhaled from the _____

A

lungs

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46
Q

what is the main role of the kidney

A

retain the bicarbonate

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47
Q

what is the main site which kidney retains the hcO3

A

proximal convoluted tubule

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48
Q

The carbon dioxide in the plasma will diffuse into the tubule, this will then combine with a water to become

A

carbonic acid

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49
Q

the enzyme responsible for the production of carbonic acid from carbon dioxide and water is the

A

carbonic anhydrase

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50
Q

Carbonic acid will dissociate immediately to _______ and _______

A

hydrogen, bicarbonate

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51
Q

______ will reabsorbed in blood

A

bicarbonate

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52
Q

Hydrogen ions will go the the lumen of the tubule this will bind to either

A

monohydrogen phosphate or ammonia

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53
Q

if the hydrogen ion binds with ammonia, its end product would be ______

A

Ammonium

54
Q

If the hydrogen ion binds with the monohydrogen
phosphate, the end product would be _______

A

Dihydrogen phosphate

55
Q

The end product will be excreted through the ____

A

urine

56
Q

Pressure or tension exerted by CO2 gas dissolved in blood

A

Partial pressure of co2 (pco2)

57
Q

Normal value of pco2

A

35-45 mm Hg

58
Q

Not a measure of CO2 concentration in the blood

A

pco2

59
Q

An index of efficiency of gas exchange in the lungs

A

pco2

60
Q

→ Total CO2 Content
→ Refers to the total concentration of CO2
in the blood

A

Total carbon dioxide concentration (tCO2)

61
Q

Consisting of ionized ____________________________-__ and unionized fraction ________ and physically dissolved_______

A

(HCO3-, CO3-, carbamino compound)
(H2CO3)
dissolved CO2

62
Q

Normal value of tco2

A

23-27 mmol/L

63
Q

The ______________ in the blood that has been equilibrated with CO2 at __ mm Hg at ______

A

bicarbonate ion concentration, 40 mm Hg, 37 degrees celsius

64
Q

Normal value of bicarbonate ion concentration

A

22-26 mmol/L

65
Q

The pressure or tension exerted by oxygen gas dissolved in arterial blood which reflects the availability of the gas in blood but not its content

A

Partial Pressure of O2 (pO2)

66
Q

Normal value of pO2

A

80-110 mm Hg

67
Q

Index of acidity or alkalinity of the blood

A

pH

68
Q

pH is _______ to your hydrogen ion cncentration

A

inversely proportional

69
Q

more hydrogen ions present in the blood,
the ________, and vice versa

A

lesser the blood pH

70
Q

INCREASE = H+
DECREASE = Blood pH

A

acidic

71
Q

INCREASE = Blood pH
DECREASE = H+

A

Alkaline

72
Q

Acidosis or acidemia pH

A

< 7.35

73
Q

Alkalosis or alkalemia pH

A

> 7.45

74
Q

process in the body

A

Akalosis, acidosis

75
Q

state in blood

A

alkemia, acidemia

76
Q

Bicarbonate is ___________________ to the blood pH

A

directly proportional

77
Q

related to the acidity of the blood

A

hydrogen

78
Q

related to the capacity of the blood to become basic

A

bicarbonate

79
Q

Normal value of h+

A

Normal: 36 – 44 mmol/L (pH 7.34 – 7.44)

80
Q

Through _______, the body produces much greater quantities of H+

A

metabolism

81
Q

The body controls and excretes H+ in order to maintain pH homeostasis through what?

A

(through regulation by the lungs and excretion by kidneys)

82
Q

________ will cause alterations in the rates of chemical reactions within the cell and affect the many metabolic processes of the body

A

Increase H+

83
Q

Increase H+ can lead to

A

alterations in consciousness, neuromuscular irritability, tetany, coma, and death

84
Q

proton acceptor (HCO3-)

A

A-

85
Q

proton donor or weak acid (H2CO3)

A

HA

86
Q

= the value for the combination of
the solubility constant for pCO2 and the factor to convert mm Hg to mmol/L

A

0.0307 mmol/L/mm Hg

87
Q

= pK of HCO3

A

6.1

88
Q

= equilibrium between H2CO3 and CO2 in plasma

A

1:800

89
Q

proportional to the pCO2

A

CH2CO3

90
Q

are measured in blood gas analysis

A

pH and pCO2

91
Q

Bicarbonate ion concentration is

A

calculated parameter

92
Q

What are measured in parameter

A

pH, pCO2, pO2

93
Q

pH
pCO2
HCO3
tCO2
pO2
SO2
O2Hb

A

7.35-7.45
35-45
22-26
23-27
80-110
>95
>95

94
Q

pH less than 7.35 – 7.45

A

Acidemia

95
Q

Reflects excess base

A

Alkalemia

96
Q

Reflects excess acid or H+ concentration

A

Acidemia

97
Q

pH greater than 7.35 – 7.45

A

Alkalemia

98
Q

when talking about acidosis and alkalosis, it also talks about the ratio bicarbonate and carbonic acid in the blood (as seen in the henderson-hasselbalch equation) what is tha normal ratio

A

20:1 (bicarbonate:carbonic acid)

99
Q

Caused by ventilatory dysfunction (a change in pCO2)

A

Primary respiratory disorder

100
Q

Resulting from a change in the HCO3 -
ion level

A

Metabolic (nonrespiratory) disorder

101
Q

The body tries to restore acid-base homeostasis whenever an imbalance occurs

A

compensation

102
Q

If the primary disorder is of metabolic origin, the body will compensate through the ________, and vice versa

A

respiratory component

103
Q

if the primary disorder is the respiratory component, then the _______ will compensate

A

kidney (metabollic origin)

104
Q

For disturbances of the RESPIRATORY COMPONENT, the kidneys compensate by selectively excreting or reabsorbing anions and cations

A

Lungs

105
Q

can compensate immediately, but the response is
short term and often incomplete

A

Lungs

106
Q

are slower to respond (2-4 days), however, the
response is long term and potentially complete

A

kidney

107
Q

Implies that the pH has returned to the normal range (the 20:1 ratio has been restored)

A

fully compensated

108
Q

Implies that the pH is approaching normal

A

partially compensated

109
Q

There are times wherein the compensation may return the ratio to ______, but the primary abnormality or disorder is not ______.

A

normal, corrected

110
Q

If primary disorder is metabolic origin, the body will compensate through the _____

A

respiratory component

111
Q

Decrease in bicarbonate, resulting in a decreased pH as a result of the ratio for the nonrespiratory to respiratory component less than 20:1

A

Primary Metabolic Disorder Acidosis

112
Q

pCO2 in primary metabolic acidosis

A

normal

113
Q

What are the 4 main acid-base disorder

A
  1. Primary Metabolic Acidosis
  2. Primary Respiratory Acidosis
  3. Primary Metabolic Alkalosis
  4. Primary Respiratory Alkalosis
114
Q

Causes of primary metabolic acidosis compensation

A

May be caused by the direct administration of an acid producing
substance
● By excessive formation of organic acids as seen with diabetic ketoacidosis and starvation
● Reduced excretion of acids (renal tubular acidosis)
● Excessive loss of bicarbonate from diarrhea or drainage from a biliary, pancreatic, or intestinal fistula

115
Q

compensation of primary metabolic acidosis

A

Through hyperventilation, which is an increase in the rate or depth of breathing
● By “blowing off” CO2, the base-to-acid ratio will return toward normal
● Secondary compensation occurs when the “original” organ (kidney) begins to correct the ratio by retaining bicarbonate

116
Q

Results from a decrease in alveolar ventilation (hypoventilation), causing a decreased elimination of CO2 by the lungs

A

Primary Respiratory Acidosis

117
Q

In primary respiratory acidosis pCO2

A

increases

118
Q

In primary repspiratory acidosis the bicarbonate to carbonic acid ratio will also ______

A

decrease

119
Q

Causes of primary respiratory acidosis

A

COPD
Bronchopnuemonia
Hypoventilation
Decreased cardiac output

120
Q

destructive changes in the airways and alveolar walls increase the size of the alveolar air spaces, with the resultant reduction of the lung surface area available for gas exchange

A

COPD

121
Q

gas exchange is impeded because of the secretions, WBCs, bacteria, and fibrin in the alveoli

A

bronchopneumonia

122
Q

caused by drugs, mechanical obstruction, and asphyxiation, will increase blood pCO2
levels

A

hypoventilation

123
Q

less blood presented to the lungs for gas exchange, and therefore, an elevated pCO2

A

decreased cardiac output

124
Q

Primary respiratory acidosis compensation

A

Occurs through nonrespiratory processes
● Kidneys increase the excretion of H+ and increase the reabsorption of HCO3-
● Begins immediately, but it takes days to weeks for maximal compensation to occur

125
Q

Results from an increased rate of alveolar ventilation causing excessive elimination of carbon dioxide by the lungs

A

Primary respiratory alkalosis

126
Q

Results from a gain in HCO3-, causing an increase in the nonrespiratory component and increase in the pH

A

primary metabolic alkalosis

127
Q

causes of primary metabolic alkalosis

A

Results from excess administration of sodium bicarbonate or through ingestion of bicarbonate-producing salts
● Excessive loss of acid
→ Vomiting
→ Nasogastric suctioning
→ Prolong use of diuretics that augment renal excretion of H+

128
Q

causes of primary metabolic alkalosis

A

Results from excess administration of sodium bicarbonate or through ingestion of bicarbonate-producing salts
● Excessive loss of acid
→ Vomiting
→ Nasogastric suctioning
→ Prolong use of diuretics that augment renal excretion of H+

129
Q

compensation of primary metabolic alkalosis

A

● Depressing the respiratory center
● Hypoventilation increases the retention of carbon dioxide

130
Q

causes of primary repiratory alkalosis

A

● Hypoxemia
● Chemical stimulation of the respiratory center by drugs
● Increase in the environmental temperature
● Hysteria, anxiety (hyperventilation)
● Pulmonary emboli
● Pulmonary fibrosis

131
Q

compensation of of primary respiratory alkalosis

A

Kidneys excrete HCO3- in the urine and reclaiming H+ to the blood
→ Popular treatment for hysterical hyperventilation: breathing
into a paper bag
▪ when breathing into a paper bag, carbon dioxide cannot
escape and will accumulate in the paper bag, this will then
be inhaled back by the patient with hysterical
hyperventilation.

CC1 LEC (4 decks)

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