Blood Dr. Smith

Question 1

fluids existing outside of cells are

Answer 1

intercellular fluid / tissue fluid/ interstitial fluid & lymph.

Note: Blood is outside the cell and then is said that is extra cellular fluid

Question 2

1- Interstitial fluid circulates within the

2- Interstitial fluid creates the cells’ internal

Answer 2

1- microscopic spaces between tissue cells

2- environment which must be kept within normal physiological limits. These normal physiological limits result in homeostasis

Question 3

Blood & interstitial fluid exchange materials via

Answer 3

osmosis, diffusion, filtration, & reabsorption in order to maintain the body’s homeostasis.

Question 4

Functions of the Blood

1- Transportation

2- Regulation

3- Protection

Answer 4

1- oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, waste products, & hormones.

2- pH, body temperature, water content of cells.

3- against blood loss, against foreign microbes & toxins.

Question 5

Components of Blood

1- There are 2 parts of blood which are:

Answer 5

1- blood plasma, aka plasma, straw-colored fluid that remains after the formed elements are removed. And, formed elements are cells & cell fragments of which 99% are red blood cells.

NOTE: Of the total volume of blood 45% is red blood cells & 55% is blood plasma. White blood cells & platelets represent <1% of total volume of blood. They form a very thin layer, the buffy
coat, between the packed red blood cells & blood plasma.

Question 6

Blood plasma is

Answer 6

91½% water & 8½% solutes. Of the solutes, they include proteins, nutrients, vitamins, hormones, respiratory gases, electrolytes, & waste products.

Question 7

1-Formed elements are

2- The process of producing formed elements is called

Answer 7

1-red blood cells / erythrocytes, white blood cells / leukocytes, & platelets.

2- hemopoiesis. After birth this process only takes place in red bone marrow.

Note: Red bone marrow is found in the epiphysis (ends) of long bones such as the humerus, & femur; flat bones such as the sternum, ribs, & cranial bones; vertebrae; & pelvis.
Within the red bone marrow are hemopoietic stem cells

Question 8

Red Blood Cells/RBCs/Erythrocytes

1- Mature RBCs are

2- Hemoglobin is a

3- The function of the hemoglobin in RBCs is to

Answer 8

1- biconcave discs that contain hemoglobin

2- substance in RBCs consisting of the protein globin & the iron-containing red pigment heme.

3- transport oxygen & carbon dioxide.

Question 9

How many molecules of Oxygen can 1 Hemoglobin molecule transport?

Answer 9

4

Question 10

Functionality of RBC Shape

Answer 10

• high surface to volume ratio
• discs stack like plates
• discs bend & flex entering small capillaries

Question 11

RBCs are formed in a process called

Answer 11

erythropoiesis

NOTE: The process is stimulated by the hormone erythropoietin (EPO) which is primarily produced by the kidneys & in small amounts by the liver. RBCs lack nuclei, mitochondria, & ribosomes, therefore no damage repair, so RBCs live ~120 days because of wear & tear. Worn-out & aged RBCs are destroyed by phagocytosis in the liver & spleen; hemoglobin is recycled.

Question 12

Anemia

Answer 12

condition in which oxygen-carrying capacity of blood is reduced through decreased number of RBCs or decreased concentration of hemoglobin.

Question 13

Anemia is a sign of:

Answer 13

- hemorrhagic – excessive loss of RBC
from bleeding.
- iron deficiency – MOST PREVALENT type in the world; small pale RBCs.
- sickle cell – inherited genetic defect
resulting in abnormal Beta chain-
hemoglobin which is crescent-
shaped.
   •Hemolytic anemia is a trait of
      sickle-cell anemia.

Question 14

White Blood Cells/WBCs/Leukocytes

Answer 14

NOTE: WBCs are far less numerous than RBCs, about 5,000-10,000 cells per mm3 of blood; ratio is 700 RBC to 1 WBC.

Question 15

1- WBCs have

2- WBCs are distinguished from one another by

Answer 15

1- nucleus & other organelles but lack hemoglobin.

2- the shape of their nuclei & the presence or absence of granules that are visible with a light microscope.

Question 16

WBCs are of two types:

Answer 16

1- Granular/Granulocytes

2- Agranular/Agranulocytes

Question 17

Granular/Granulocytes are

Answer 17

• neutrophils
• eosinophils
• basophils

Question 18

Agranular/Agranulocytes

Answer 18

• lymphocytes

- monocytes

Question 19

Lymphocytes

Answer 19

cytoplasm stains pale blue; nucleus stains deep blue-purple large round nucleus

Question 20

Monocytes

Answer 20

cytoplasm stains pale gray-blue; nucleus stains deep blue-purple large kidney-shaped nucleus slightly lobed

Question 21

Neutrophils

Answer 21

poorly absorb stains:
granules – pale purple, cytoplasm – pale pink, nucleus – deep blue-purple
S-shaped or C-shaped nucleus 3-6 lobes.

Question 22

Eosinophils

Answer 22

stain red, reddish-orange
with acid dye like eosin
2 connected lobed nucleus

Question 23

Basophils

Answer 23

stain blue-purple with basic dye U-shaped or S-shaped nucleus 2-5 lobes

Question 24

In a normal WBC count, here are the % of each type of WBC

Answer 24

Neutrophils 60-70 most common

Lymphocytes 20-25

Monocytes 3-8

Eosinophils 2-4

Basophils 1/2-1 least common

Question 25

WBCs are formed in a process called

Answer 25

leukopoiesis

NOTE: The process is stimulated by colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) & interleukins (IL). Lymphocytes may live for years; usually WBCs only live a few hours or few days.

Question 26

White Blood Cell Functions

Answer 26

• to defend against pathogens -*to remove toxins & wastes
• to attack abnormal cells

NOTE: Basically, fight inflammation & infection

Question 27

Neutrophils & Monocytes

Answer 27

fight inflammation & infection via phagocytosis.

Question 28

Eosinophils

Answer 28

fight inflammation in allergic reaction, fight parasitic worms, & phagocytize.

Question 29

Basophils

Answer 29

fight inflammation in allergic reactions.

Question 30

Lymphocytes

Answer 30

are T-cells (attack fungi, transplanted cells, & cancer cells), B-cells (destroy bacteria), & natural killer cells (attack certain spontaneously
arising tumor cells).

Question 31

The final Formed Element is

Answer 31

Platelets.

Question 32

1- Platelets are

2- Platelets function in

Answer 32

1- disc-shaped, 2-4 microns in diameter, & have many granules but no nucleus.

2- the blood clotting process.

NOTE: In each cubic milliliter of blood there are 250,000-400,000 platelets.

Question 33

Platelets form in a process influenced by the hormone

Answer 33

thrombopoietin.

Note: Megakaryoblasts gives rise to Metamegakaryocytes and then Shed into 2000-3000 cytoplasm fragments; aka Platelet.
Platelets live 5-9 days. Macrophages in the spleen & liver remove old & dead platelets.

Question 34

1- Hemostasis

2- Hemostasis 3 phases are

Answer 34

1- stoppage of bleeding; consists of three phases

2- Vascular spasm lasts 30 minutes.Platelet plug formation begins within 15 seconds after injury.Blood clotting/Coagulation begins 30+ seconds after injury.

Question 35

In a Vascular spasm the

Answer 35

smooth muscle of a blood vessel wall contracts which slows blood loss.

Question 36

Platelet plug formation

Answer 36

Injury to the lining of a blood vessel exposes the underlying collagen fibers. Platelets gather/aggregate & stick to the lining, to each other, & to the fibers. The adherence of platelets to each other & to the collagen fibers forms a plug which stops the bleeding.

Question 37

Blood clotting/Coagulation

Answer 37

The chemicals involved in clotting are called clotting/coagulation factors. In time a clot forms. A network of insoluble protein fibers (fibrin) traps the formed elements of blood creating a clot.

Question 38

Normal coagulation requires

Answer 38

• Vitamin K is needed by the liver for the synthesis of 4 clotting factors.
• Clot retraction = the consolidation or tightening of the fibrin clot to pull the edges of the damaged vessel closer together.
• Fibrinolysis = the dissolving of a clot. During blood clot formation, a proenzyme is incorporated into the clot which upon activation forms into fibrinolysin that can dissolve the fibrin strands.