Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

CGIER - MCQ > Blood Cells, Blood Coagulation, and Haemophilia > Flashcards

Blood Cells, Blood Coagulation, and Haemophilia Flashcards

1
Q

The blood cells float in the plasma and are divided into three types:

A

Leukocytes - white blood cells or corpuscles
Erythrocytes - red blood cells or corpuscles
Thrombocytes - blood platelets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are leukocytes?

A

These nucleate cells are part of the body’s defence system, they are capable of amoeboid movement.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

There are five types of leucocyte but are ______ in number than the erythrocytes.

A

fewer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Comprise about ________________ in human blood.

A

1% of blood cells = 7,000/ml

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Formed in the _____________ after birth, but one type proliferates in lymphoid tissue (see haemopoiesis later)

A

red bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

They are traditionally divided into two groups of cells:

A

the agranulocytes and the granulocytes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are lymphocytes, where are they produced, and how are they derived?

A

Smallest of the leucocytes but the second commonest (30%).
Produced in lymphoid tissue of lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, GIT.
Ultimately derived from lymphocytic stem cells in the bone marrow.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the two major types of lymphocytes?

A

T-lymphocytes responsible for cellular immunity.
B-lymphocytes responsible for humoral immunity – antibodies.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are monocytes, what can they do, and where are they found?

A

Largest of the leucocytes and moderately common (5%).
Can phagocytose invading organisms.
They leave the circulation, enlarge and transform in the tissues into macrophages.
Widely distributed in lymph nodes, lung, alveoli, liver, spleen, etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

True or False: Neutrophils are the commonest leucocyte (62%), with characteristic lobed nucleus.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What do neutrophils look like?

A

Purplish granules in cytoplasm –lysosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

In damaged tissue they ________________ and phagocytose damaged cells and invading pathogens.

A

leave the capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

The ____ in wounds is largely composed of dead neutrophils.

A

pus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Eosinophils are…

A

The acidiphilic granules are lysosomes.
Weakly phagocytic but increase in parasitic infections.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Basophils are…

A

Rarest of the leucocytes (0.4%), contain basophilic granules.
Function unclear but contain quantities of heparin and histamine.
May have relationship with tissue mast cells involved in allergic reactions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

The red blood corpuscle or erythrocytes, are highly specialised cells. Discuss what a corpuscle is and where they are produced.

A

Corpuscle is any cell floating freely in a liquid.

Produced in the red bone marrow they are round, ‘anucleate bags of haemoglobin’ in mammals; nucleate and oval in other vertebrates.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the primary function of an erythrocyte?

A

Their primary function is the transport of O2 to the body tissues and to transport of CO2 away from the tissues.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the characteristics of erythrocytes?

A

Characteristic dumb-bell or biconcave shape which gives a large surface to volume ratio for O2 exchange.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Discuss the size of an erythrocyte.

A

Size - in the fresh state 8.5 micrometers in diameter, 2.5 micrometers in thickness.
About 5.2 million/ml in adult males, 4.7 million/ml adult females.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Erythrocytes survive for up to 120 days in the bloodstream before they…

A

are broken down and removed by the liver and spleen (2.5 million/sec)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

The product of erythrocyte breakdown called ___________ is eliminated via the bile duct causing the brown coloration of faeces.

A

bilirubin

22
Q

As a result of the daily losses, erythrocytes must be continually replaced by…

A

haemopoiesis

23
Q

What are the early sites of haemopoiesis?

A

The liver, spleen and lymph nodes are early sites of haemopoiesis.

24
Q

Bones develop in the 4th and 5th month of foetal life, haemopoiesis begins in the…

A

red bone marrow cavities.

25
Q

Almost all the blood cells and platelets are produced after birth in the red bone marrow except…

A

lymphocytes which proliferate after birth in lymphoid tissues throughout the body.

26
Q

Red bone marrow is found at the ends of the long bones such as the ____ and in flatter bones such as the ______

A

femur, ribs, sternum and also in areas of the skull and pelvis.

27
Q

All the blood cells derive from a common multipotent stem cell called a…

A

haemocytoblast (or haematopoietic stem cell - HSC).

28
Q

The HSCs replicate at a slow rate giving rise to…

A

5 types of unipotent stem cells which begin to divide rapidly.

29
Q

In the case of the erythrocytes: The first recognisable cell type is called the…

A

proerythroblast

30
Q

Haemopoiesis of the erythrocytes is controlled by the hormone…

A

erythropoietin: EPO which is released by the kidney in response to hypoxia (low O2).

31
Q

The mechanism of its release is not fully understood; but it can be induced by…

A

high altitudes, severe blood loss or anaemia.

32
Q

EPO lasts _____ in the circulation and induces the maximum production of erythrocytes after _____

A

1-2 days, 5-7 days.

33
Q

Thrombocytes or platelets are associated with…

A

blood clotting

34
Q

What is the shape, origin, and life span of a thrombocyte?

A

Anucleate disk-like cell fragments, 2-3 micrometer in diameter.
Originate by budding from giant cells called megakaryocytes in the red bone marrow.
In the bloodstream they have a life span of about 8 days.

35
Q

What is the function of a thrombocyte?

A

thrombocytes are involved in the haemostasis (control of bleeding) via clot formation.

36
Q

Blood clotting is a complex process brought about by two processes known as the…

A

intrinsic and extrinsic pathways.

37
Q

Most clotting is ultimately caused by the plasma protein…

A

fibrinogen

38
Q

The extrinsic pathway begins with

A

trauma or damage to tissues outside the blood vessels.

39
Q

The intrinsic pathway begins in…

A

the blood itself and involves the platelets.

40
Q

A series of plasma proteins (beta globulins) called _________ are activated in a cascade of reactions where the activation of one triggers (catalyses) the activation of the next.

A

blood clotting factors

41
Q

Ultimately, in the presence of Ca2+ ions, both pathways produce the active catalyst…

A

thrombokinase or prothrombin activator.

42
Q

Thrombokinase converts, _______, formed in the liver, to _______.

A

prothrombin, thrombin

43
Q

Thrombin then acts as the enzyme converting…

A

soluble Fibrinogen to insoluble Fibrin.

44
Q

The fibrin attaches to the damaged site and creates a growing matrix of fibrin, platelets and trapped blood cells which is called the…

A

haemostatic plug or blood clot.

45
Q

Extrinsic clot formation can occur after ________, intrinsic takes _______.

A

15 seconds, 1-3 min.

46
Q

The fibrin polymerises into long threads, then contracts after a few minutes and a clear fluid leaks from the clot called…

A

serum

47
Q

Clotting may be inhibited by…

A

Heparin and Removal of free Ca2+

48
Q

Heparin is an…

A

anticoagulant produced by the basophils in the circulation and by the mast cells found in connective tissue especially in the lung and liver.

49
Q

How does the removal of free Ca2+ inhibit clotting?

A

used in blood banks to prevent clotting, by adding sodium citrate or sodium oxalate compounds; this blood can then be stored for weeks in refrigerator.

50
Q

What is haemophilia?

A

Abnormal bleeding; Caused by inherited disorders where the levels of certain protein components of the intrinsic blood clotting cascade are reduced.

51
Q

What are some symptoms of haemophilia?

A

Increased bleeding after trauma, injury, or surgery; sudden bleeding with no apparent cause.

52
Q

There are two types of haemophilia…

A

Haemophilia A: most common, 80% of cases (deficiency in clotting factor VIII)
Haemophilia B: less common, 20% of cases (deficiency in clotting factor IX)

CGIER - MCQ (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions