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Chapter 25 > Blood Cells and the Hematopoetic System > Flashcards

Blood Cells and the Hematopoetic System Flashcards

1
Q

Blood is a specialized connective tissue that consists of blood cells (red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets) suspended in an extracellular fluid, known as ________

A

plasma

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2
Q

The major difference between plasma and serum is the presence of _________ in the plasma from an anticoagulated centrifuged whole blood specimen.

A

fibrinogen

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3
Q

The most abundant of the blood cells, the ___________ or _____, function in oxygen and carbon dioxide transport.

A

erythrocytes or RBCs

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4
Q

The leukocytes, or ______, serve various roles in immunity and inflammation.

A

WBCs

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5
Q

__________are small cell fragments that are involved in blood clotting.

A

platelets

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6
Q

Plasma ______ serves as a transport vehicle for materials carried in the blood.

A

water

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7
Q

As a transport medium, plasma carries nutrients from the gastrointestinal tract and oxygen from the lungs to body cells while picking up waste products from the cells for delivery to excretory organs. It also transports _________ and facilitates the exchange of chemical mediators.

A

hormones

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8
Q

Plasma participates in _______ and acid–base balance, and it contains the plasma proteins that contribute to the osmotic regulation of body fluids. In addition, because water has a high capacity to hold heat, plasma can absorb and distribute much of the heat that is generated in the body.

A

electrolyte

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9
Q

The plasma proteins are the most abundant solutes in plasma. It is the presence of these proteins that distinguish the composition of plasma from that of interstitial fluid. The major types of plasma proteins are (3)

A

albumin
globulins
fibrinogen

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10
Q

Except for the blood-borne hormones and gamma globulins, most plasma proteins are produced by the ______, which secretes them into the blood.

A

liver

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11
Q

_________ is the most abundant and makes up approximately 54% of the plasma proteins. It does not pass through the pores in the capillary wall to enter the interstitial fluid and therefore contributes to the plasma osmotic pressure and maintenance of blood volume. It also serves as a carrier for certain substances and acts as a blood buffer.

A

albumin

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12
Q

the _____ globulins transport bilirubin and steroids

A

alpha

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13
Q

the _____ globulins transport iron and copper

A

beta

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14
Q

the ______ globulins constitute the antibodies of the immune system.

A

gamma

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15
Q

_______ makes up approximately 7% of the plasma proteins. It is a soluble protein that polymerizes to form the insoluble protein fibrin during blood clotting.

A

fibrinogen

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16
Q

The blood cells, including the erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets, originate in the ______ _________

A

bone marrow

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17
Q

true or false.

Erythrocytes have no nuclei or organelles and platelets are just cell fragments. Most blood cells do not divide. Therefore, division of cells in the bone marrow must continually renew them.

A

true

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18
Q

_____ are the most numerous of the formed elements. They are small, biconcave disks

A

RBCs or erythrocytes

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19
Q

RBCs have a large surface area and can easily deform into just about any shape to move through the small capillaries of the circulatory system. They contain the oxygen-carrying protein, _________, that functions in the transport of oxygen.

A

hemoglobin

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20
Q

Ninety percent of the erythrocytes, which have their origin in the bone marrow, live approximately _____ days in the circulation and then are phagocytosed in the bone marrow, spleen, and liver

A

120

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21
Q

Although erythrocytes have no organelles, they have soluble enzymes, including ________ _________, within their cytosol. This enzyme facilitates the formation of carbonic acid from carbon dioxide and water, which in turn dissociates into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions. Thus, erythrocytes also contribute to carbon dioxide transport and regulation of acid–base balance and are considered a superior acid–base buffer.1

A

carbonic anhydrase

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22
Q

The leukocytes, or white blood cells, are 10 to 12 µm in diameter and thus much larger than RBCs.2 However, they constitute only 1% of the total blood volume. They originate in the bone marrow and circulate throughout the ________ tissues of the body.

A

lymphoid

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23
Q

____________ are crucial to our defense against disease in the following ways:

  • They are responsible for the immune response that protects against disease-causing microorganisms.
  • They identify and destroy cancer cells.
  • They participate in the inflammatory response and wound healing.
A

leukocytes

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24
Q

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils are classified as

A

granulocytes

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25
Q

lymphocytes and monocytes are classified as

A

agranulocytes

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26
Q

____________ are spherical and have distinctive multilobar nuclei. They are all phagocytic cells that are identifiable because of their cytoplasmic granules. They have two types of granules—the specific granules that bind neutral, basic, or acidic dye components and azurophilic granules. The azurophilic granules stain purple and are lysosomes.

A

granulocytes

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27
Q

___________ are primarily responsible for maintaining normal host defenses against invading bacteria and fungi, cell debris, and a variety of foreign substances.

A

neutrophils

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28
Q

__________ are very mobile and are the first cells to go to an area of tissue damage. Their migration is a result of the release of adhesion molecules on their surface, which connects with ligands on the endothelial cells

A

neutrophils

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29
Q

The neutrophils have their origin in the ___________ that are found in the bone marrow

A

myeloblasts

30
Q

The myeloblasts are the committed precursors of the granulocyte pathway and do not normally appear in the peripheral circulation. When they are present, it suggests a disorder of blood cell ___________ and __________

A

proliferation and differentiation

31
Q

The myeloblasts differentiate into promyelocytes and then myelocytes. Usually, a cell is not called a myelocyte until it has at least 12 granules.1 The myelocytes mature to become metamyelocytes, at which point they lose their capacity for ________

A

mitosis

32
Q

Mature neutrophils are often referred to as segs because of their segmented nucleus. Development from stem cell to mature neutrophil takes approximately __ _______ before it enters the bloodstream

A

2 weeks

33
Q

____________ is an increase in immature neutrophils (“band” forms) seen in the peripheral blood. It is most commonly seen in acute infections and tissue injuries that promote the accelerated release of neutrophils and their precursors into the circulation.

A

neutrophilia

34
Q

After release from the marrow, the neutrophils spend only approximately 4 to 8 hours in the circulation before moving into the _______ where they live for 4 or 5 days

A

tissues

35
Q

Epinephrine, exercise, stress, and corticosteroid drug therapy can cause rapid ________ in the circulating neutrophil count by shifting cells from the marginating to the circulating pool.

A

increases

36
Q

Endotoxins or microbes have the opposite effect, producing a transient ___________ in neutrophils by attracting neutrophils into the tissues.

A

decrease

37
Q

These leukocytes constitute 1% to 3% of the total white blood cells and increase in number during allergic reactions and parasitic infections.

A

eosinophils

38
Q

These granules contain heparin, an anticoagulant; histamine, a vasodilator; and other mediators of inflammation such as leukotriene that cause bronchoconstriction of smooth muscles in pulmonary airways.

A

basophils

39
Q

Both the basophils and mast cells are thought to be involved in allergic and _____________ reactions

A

hypersensitivity

40
Q

They originate in the bone marrow from lymphoid stem cells and are the main functional cells of the immune system. They move between blood and lymph tissue, where they may be stored for hours or years. Their function in the lymph nodes or spleen is to defend against microorganisms through the immune response.

A

lymphocytes

41
Q

the ____ lymphocytes are so named because they were first recognized as a separate population in the bursa of Fabricius in birds and bursa-equivalent organs (e.g., bone marrow) in mammals. They differentiate to form antibody-producing plasma cells and are involved in humoral-mediated immunity.

A

B

42
Q

the _____ lymphocytes differentiate in the thymus. They activate other cells of the immune system (helper T cells) and are involved in cell-mediated immunity (cytotoxic T cells)

A

T

43
Q

_________ _________ cells participate in innate or natural immunity and their function is to destroy foreign cells.

A

natural killer

44
Q

The monocytes, which are precursors of the mononuclear phagocyte system, are often referred to as __________ when they enter the tissues.

A

macrophages

45
Q

the largest of WBCs

A

monocytes

46
Q

The _______ engulf larger and greater quantities of foreign material than the neutrophils. These leukocytes play an important role in chronic inflammation and are also involved in the immune response by activating lymphocytes and by presenting antigen to T cells.

A

monocytes

47
Q

The macrophages are known as _______ in loose connective tissue, _______ cells in the brain, and _______ cells in the liver. Other macrophages function in the alveoli, lymph nodes, and other tissues.

A

histiocytes in connective tissue
microglial cells in brain
Kupffer cells in liver

48
Q

Granulomatous inflammation is a distinctive pattern of chronic inflammation in which the __________ form a capsule around insoluble materials that cannot be digested.

A

macrophages

49
Q

circulating cell fragments of the large megakaryocytes that are derived from the myeloid stem cell. They function to form the platelet plug to help control bleeding after injury to a vessel wall

A

thrombocytes or platelets

50
Q

Thrombocytes have a membrane but no nucleus, cannot replicate, and, if not used, last approximately ___ days in the circulation before the phagocytic cells of the spleen remove them.

A

10

51
Q

the ____________ ________ encompasses all of the blood cells and their precursors, the bone marrow where blood cells have their origin, and the lymphoid tissues where some blood cells circulate as they develop and mature.

A

hematopoietic system

52
Q

__________ begins in the endothelial cells of the developing blood vessels during the 5th week of gestation and then continues in the liver and spleen. After birth, this function is gradually taken over by the bone marrow.

A

hematopoiesis

53
Q

Marrow that is made up predominantly of ____ ______ is called yellow bone marrow

A

fat cells

54
Q

In adults, red marrow is largely restricted to the flat bones of the (3)

A

pelvis, ribs, and sternum

55
Q

The blood-forming population of bone marrow is made up of three types of cells—self-renewing stem cells, differentiated progenitor (parent) cells, and functional mature blood cells. All of the blood cell precursors of the erythrocyte (i.e., red cell), myelocyte (i.e., granulocyte or monocyte), lymphocyte (i.e., T lymphocyte and B lymphocyte), and megakaryocyte (i.e., platelet) series are derived from a small population of primitive cells called the

A

pluripotent stem cells

56
Q

Several levels of differentiation lead to the development of committed unipotential cells, which are the progenitors for each of the blood cell types. These cells are referred to as

A

colony forming units

57
Q

Under normal conditions, the numbers and total mass for each type of circulating blood cell remain relatively constant. The blood cells are produced in different numbers according to needs and regulatory factors. This regulation of blood cells is thought to be at least partially controlled by hormone-like growth factors called

A

cytokines

58
Q

__________ anemia develops when the multipotent stem cells fail to grow and provide cells for differentiation. The result is concomitant anemia, thrombocytopenia, and granulocytopenia (pancytopenia).

A

aplastic

59
Q

Unregulated overproduction of the red cell mass is termed _____________. Thrombocytosis occurs when the bone marrow produces too many platelets.

A

polycythemia

60
Q

__________ represent a spectrum of diseases characterized by an abnormal proliferation of white blood cells.

A

leukemias

61
Q

Stem cell transplants may be derived from the patient (__________) or from a histocompatible donor (_________).

A

from self - autologous

from compatible person - allogenic

62
Q

Umbilical cord blood from HLA-matched donors is a transplant option for children and carries less risk of

A

graft vs host disease

63
Q

Many people with leukemia obtain ______ ______ _________ that greatly impact their ability to have a remission

A

stem cell transplants

Stem cell transplants focus on correcting bone marrow failure, immunodeficiencies, hematologic defects and malignancies, and inherited errors of metabolism.

64
Q

The white cell differential count is the determination of the relative proportions (percentages) of

A

individual white cell types

65
Q

The erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) is a screening test for monitoring the fluctuations in the clinical course of a disease such as chronic fatigue syndrome, lupus erythematosus, or polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR). Symptoms of these inflammatory disorders include fatigue, fever, and headache, which are all a result of the systemic effects of cytokine release. ____________ sedimentation rate indicates inflammation and is used as a baseline and trend indicator in managing

A

increased

66
Q

An individual is diagnosed with PMR and will have an initial ESR drawn. If the ESR is > 60 the person is diagnosed with a more severe PMR than if the person had an elevated ESR of 40. Generally, the person is prescribed ________, and then at follow-up visits, the dose will be gradually decreased depending on the ESR and the person’s symptoms.

A

prednisone

67
Q

In anticoagulated blood, RBCs aggregate and sediment to the bottom of a tube. The rate of fall of the aggregates is accelerated in the presence of fibrinogen and other plasma proteins that are often _________ in inflammatory diseases.

A

increases

68
Q

Bone marrow aspiration is performed with a special needle inserted into the bone marrow cavity, through which a sample of marrow is withdrawn. Usually, the __________ _______ ______ is used in all people older than 12 to 18 months of age. Other sites include the anterior iliac crest, sternum, and spinous processes T10 through L4.

A

posterior iliac crest

69
Q

true or false

The sternum is not commonly used in children because the cavity is too shallow and there is danger of mediastinal and cardiac perforation.

A

true

70
Q

The major hazard of these procedures is the slight risk of __________. This risk is increased in people with a reduced platelet count or any type of bleeding dyscrasia.

A

hemorrhage

Chapter 25 (1 decks)

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