Blood Cells And Metabolism Flashcards
Describe the following terms: formed elements, extracellular matrix, plasma serum, buffy coat, hematocrit clot
Formed Elements: RBCs, WBCs, platelets
Extracellular matrix: Plasma
Buffy Coat: WBCs
Hematocrit Clot: RBCs
Describe the functions of the bone marrow and distinguish red versus yellow marrow.
Bone marrow produces blood cells and platelets.
Red: Produces blood cells
Yellow: Still produces blood cells but has more fat from aging.
Distinguish the properties of pluripotential hemopoietic stem cell, progenitor cell, and precursor cell.
Pluripotent hemopoietic stem cell: Can become lymphoid or myeloid progenitor. Also can renew itself.
Progenitor cell: Can still become different types of cells.
Precursor cell: committed to differentiation to mature cells.
Distinguish by histologic stain the various hematopoietic cells (erythrocyte and leukocyte series).
Methylene blue is a base and stains acidic cellular components blue/purple (nucleic acids of DNA or RNA, ribosomes). Eosin is an acid and stains basic components of the cell pink (cytoplasm).
Describe the roles of colony stimulating factors, erythropoietin, thrombopoietin, and interleukins
Interleukins: Stimulate hematopoietic stem cells to differentiate; IL-1,3,6 Also acts on myeloid and lymphoid progenitors
Thrombopoietin: Stimulates platelet lineage
Erythropoietin: Stimulates Red blood cell lineage
Colony Stimulating Factor: Stimulates granulocyte lineage.
Describe the red blood cell: a) morphology b) properties and functions b) housekeeping versus erythroid-specific functions
A biconcave disc-shaped cell whose primary function is to transport gases. No DNA or mitochondria
Housekeeping: energy metabolism, maintaining a reduced atmosphere NADPH
Erythroid specific: Carry hemoglobin
Describe what happens when blood cancers develop and what symptoms the patient experiences. Predict the result if a patient were to have a defect in any of the hematopoietic cell lines.
- A decrease in mature Hb.
- Insufficient Hb
Anemia refers to an inability of sufficient O2 transport to tissues, resulting in hypoxemia. Generally, hypoxemia can manifest in a patient as fatigue, pale skin or lips, muscle weakness, or even fainting.
Describe Acute monocytic leukemia
Patients have increased number of monocytes (monoblasts) in blood. Fast onset of disease.
Describe Acute lymphocytic leukemia.
A blood cancer that affects the number of mature B and T cells.
Compare AML to ALL.
In both, there is exponential growth of immature white blood cells incapable of performing their protective functions that take over the marrow cavity. Leaving fewer normal developing cells.
Describe Chronic Myeloid leukemia.
A cancer of the myeloid lineage. Develops at a slower rate than an acute disease. CML arises from a chromosomal abnormality (Philadelphia Chromosome), which produces a fusion protein leading to uncontrolled cell proliferation.
What can happen to a patient who is not receiving treatment for a blood cancer?
Patient may experience low platelets, fatigue from immature circulating RBCs, and an likelihood of acquiring and clearing and infections. May die from opportunistic infections.
What cell line makes the megakaryocytes?
CFU-Meg
What do alpha granules do in platelets?
Coagulation and adhesion factors for platelet adhesion and aggregation.
What do delta granules do in platelets?
Factors to assist in vasoconstriction and vascular permeability.