Blood Cells And Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the following terms: formed elements, extracellular matrix, plasma serum, buffy coat, hematocrit clot

A

Formed Elements: RBCs, WBCs, platelets
Extracellular matrix: Plasma
Buffy Coat: WBCs
Hematocrit Clot: RBCs

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2
Q

Describe the functions of the bone marrow and distinguish red versus yellow marrow.

A

Bone marrow produces blood cells and platelets.
Red: Produces blood cells
Yellow: Still produces blood cells but has more fat from aging.

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3
Q

Distinguish the properties of pluripotential hemopoietic stem cell, progenitor cell, and precursor cell.

A

Pluripotent hemopoietic stem cell: Can become lymphoid or myeloid progenitor. Also can renew itself.
Progenitor cell: Can still become different types of cells.
Precursor cell: committed to differentiation to mature cells.

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4
Q

Distinguish by histologic stain the various hematopoietic cells (erythrocyte and leukocyte series).

A

Methylene blue is a base and stains acidic cellular components blue/purple (nucleic acids of DNA or RNA, ribosomes). Eosin is an acid and stains basic components of the cell pink (cytoplasm).

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5
Q

Describe the roles of colony stimulating factors, erythropoietin, thrombopoietin, and interleukins

A

Interleukins: Stimulate hematopoietic stem cells to differentiate; IL-1,3,6 Also acts on myeloid and lymphoid progenitors
Thrombopoietin: Stimulates platelet lineage
Erythropoietin: Stimulates Red blood cell lineage
Colony Stimulating Factor: Stimulates granulocyte lineage.

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6
Q

Describe the red blood cell: a) morphology b) properties and functions b) housekeeping versus erythroid-specific functions

A

A biconcave disc-shaped cell whose primary function is to transport gases. No DNA or mitochondria
Housekeeping: energy metabolism, maintaining a reduced atmosphere NADPH
Erythroid specific: Carry hemoglobin

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7
Q

Describe what happens when blood cancers develop and what symptoms the patient experiences. Predict the result if a patient were to have a defect in any of the hematopoietic cell lines.

A
  1. A decrease in mature Hb.
  2. Insufficient Hb
    Anemia refers to an inability of sufficient O2 transport to tissues, resulting in hypoxemia. Generally, hypoxemia can manifest in a patient as fatigue, pale skin or lips, muscle weakness, or even fainting.
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8
Q

Describe Acute monocytic leukemia

A

Patients have increased number of monocytes (monoblasts) in blood. Fast onset of disease.

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9
Q

Describe Acute lymphocytic leukemia.

A

A blood cancer that affects the number of mature B and T cells.

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10
Q

Compare AML to ALL.

A

In both, there is exponential growth of immature white blood cells incapable of performing their protective functions that take over the marrow cavity. Leaving fewer normal developing cells.

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11
Q

Describe Chronic Myeloid leukemia.

A

A cancer of the myeloid lineage. Develops at a slower rate than an acute disease. CML arises from a chromosomal abnormality (Philadelphia Chromosome), which produces a fusion protein leading to uncontrolled cell proliferation.

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12
Q

What can happen to a patient who is not receiving treatment for a blood cancer?

A

Patient may experience low platelets, fatigue from immature circulating RBCs, and an likelihood of acquiring and clearing and infections. May die from opportunistic infections.

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13
Q

What cell line makes the megakaryocytes?

A

CFU-Meg

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14
Q

What do alpha granules do in platelets?

A

Coagulation and adhesion factors for platelet adhesion and aggregation.

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15
Q

What do delta granules do in platelets?

A

Factors to assist in vasoconstriction and vascular permeability.

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16
Q

What do lambda granules do in platelets?

A

Hydrolytic enzymes to facilitate clot resorption.

17
Q

Name the 3 granules that exist in leukocytes

A

Azurophilic, specific and tertiary granules

18
Q

Whats the name of a red blood cell with abnormal size?

A

Anisocytosis

19
Q

Whats the name of the red blood cell with an irregular shape?

A

Poikilocytosis

20
Q

What are the contents of neutrophil specific granules? What is a neutrophil’s function?

A

Type 4 collagenase, Phospholipase A2, lactoferrin, and lysozyme; Phagocytose and destroy bacteria

21
Q

What are the contents of eosinophil specific granules?

A

Eosinophil cationic protein, peroxidase, neurotoxin; Destruction of parasites and helminthes, inflammation

22
Q

What are the contents of basophil specific granules?

A

Histamine, heparin, leukotrienes, interleukins; Mediate inflammatory response

23
Q

Name the granulocyte series

A

Myeloblast, Promyelocyte, Neutrophilic myelocyte, Neutrophilic metamyelocyte, band neutrophil

24
Q

Describe the conditions that can bring about iron deficiency?

A

Excessive blood loss or inadequate iron consumption.

25
Q

Describe an iron deficient RBC?

A

Microcytic; hypochromic

26
Q

What are the 3 signs of megaloblastic anemia

A
  1. Megaloblasts in the bone marrow
  2. Oval macrocytes are in blood smear
  3. Hypersegmented neutrophils are found in peripheral blood.
27
Q

Describe a red blood cell in megaloblastic conditions? (Macrocytic or Microcytic)

A

Macrocytic

28
Q

Which type of granule is responsible for respiratory burst?

A

Azurophilic granules (H202, O2)