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Biomedical Science 2 > Blood Cells and Haemopoiesis > Flashcards

Blood Cells and Haemopoiesis Flashcards

1
Q

What type of tissue is blood?

A

Specialised connective tissue

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2
Q

What are the 3 living elements found in blood?

A
  1. Erythrocytes
  2. Leukocytes
  3. Thrombocytes
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3
Q

What is the non-living element of blood?

A

Fluid matrix called plasma

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4
Q

Name 5 functions of blood

A
  1. Delivery of nutrients and oxygen to cells
  2. Transport water and CO₂ away from cells
  3. Delivery of hormones to and from cells and tissues
  4. Maintenance of homeostasis
  5. Transport of humoral agents and cells of immune system
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5
Q

Give 3 examples of how blood maintains homeostasis

A
  1. Acts as a buffer
  2. Participates in coagulation
  3. Assists with thermoregulation
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6
Q

What are the 2 major groupings in whole blood?

A
  1. Blood plasma (55%)

2. Formed elements (45%)

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7
Q

What are the 3 components which make up blood plasma?

A
  1. Proteins
  2. Water
  3. Solutes
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8
Q

Name 3 proteins which could be found in blood plasma

A
  1. Albumins
  2. Globulins
  3. Fibrinogen
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9
Q

Name 4 solutes which could be found in blood plasma

A
  1. Electrolytes
  2. Nutrients
  3. Gasses
  4. Waste products
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10
Q

What are the 3 components which make up formed elements of blood?

A
  1. Red blood cells
  2. White blood cells
  3. Platelets
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11
Q

In order of the most abundant to least abundant, name the 5 types of white blood cell

A
  1. Neutrophils
  2. Lymphocytes
  3. Monocytes
  4. Eosinophils
  5. Basophils
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12
Q

What are erythrocytes?

A

Red blood cells

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13
Q

Describe the major distinction of red blood cells from white blood cells

A

Red blood cells are anucleate whereas white blood cells are nucleate

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14
Q

Why are red blood cells anucleate?

A

Maximise area for haemoglobin

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15
Q

Where are red blood cells formed?

A

Bone marrow

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16
Q

How are red blood cells broken down?

A

Kupffer cells found in the liver and spleen

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17
Q

Give 3 reasons for erythrocytes being biconcave

A
  1. Surface area increased
  2. Less distance for O₂ and CO₂ to diffuse
  3. Less likely to rupture
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18
Q

Describe 3 complications of sickle cell anaemia

A
  1. Adhere more readily to endothelium of blood vessels leading to thrombosis
  2. Can accumulate depriving tissue of oxygen
  3. Break more readily as fragile
19
Q

What 2 places are white blood cells formed?

A
  1. Bone marrow

2. Lymphoid organs

20
Q

What are the 2 classifications of leukocytes?

A
  1. Granulocyte

2. Agranulocyte

21
Q

What are 2 features of granulocytes?

A
  1. Cytoplasm packed with granules

2. Nucleus has 2 or more lobes

22
Q

What are 3 features of agranulocytes?

A
  1. Cytoplasm with few or no granules
  2. Nucleus not lobed
  3. Mononuclear
23
Q

What are 3 types of granulocytes?

A
  1. Neutrophils
  2. Eosinophils
  3. Basophils
24
Q

What are 2 types of agranulocytes?

A
  1. Lymphocytes

2. Monocytes

25
Q

Give 4 features of a neutrophil

A
  1. Nucleus has 2-5 lobes
  2. Respond most quickly to tissue destruction by bacteria or fungus
  3. Numbers increase during acute bacterial infections
  4. Short life span (1-2 days)
26
Q

Give 3 features of an eosinophil

A
  1. Bilobed nucleus
  2. Large refractile granules (lysosomes)
  3. Regulate local inflammatory responses due to allergic or parasitic action
27
Q

Give 3 features of a basophil

A
  1. Irregularly-lobed nucleus
  2. Numerous large overlying granules containing heparin and histamine
  3. Associated with systemic inflammation and allergies
28
Q

Give 3 features of a lymphocyte

A
  1. Nucleus is spherical and densely stained
  2. Usually present in tissues
  3. Involved in adaptive immune responses i.e. B and T response
29
Q

Give 3 features of a monocyte

A
  1. Kidney shaped nucleus
  2. Large cell
  3. Transform into macrophage in tissues and organs
30
Q

Give 4 features of platelets

A
  1. Life span roughly 10 days
  2. Anucleate
  3. Possess granules containing growth factors
  4. Involved in clot formation
31
Q

What is haemostasis?

A

The body’s physiological response to preventing and stopping bleeding

32
Q

What occurs when endothelial injury occurs?

A

Endothelial cells stop secretion of coagulation inhibitors and secret von Willebrand factor which initiates maintenance of haemostasis

33
Q

What are the 3 major steps involved in blood clotting?

A
  1. Vasoconstriction of blood vessel wall
  2. Temporary blockage by platelet plug
  3. Blood coagulation and formation of fibrin clot
34
Q

What is a platelet plug?

A

Platelets attach to exposed collagen of vessel wall leading to aggregation of other platelets

35
Q

What is a fibrin clot?

A

A fibrin mesh from blood plasma binds together with cells and platelets

36
Q

Explain an importance of white blood cell count changing

A

Indication for certain diseases and conditions

37
Q

Name 3 coagulation factor deficiencies

A
  1. Haemophilia
  2. Von Willebrand’s disease
  3. Use of warfarin
38
Q

Name a platelet disorder

A

Thrombocytopenia

39
Q

How does blood cell formation occur?

A

Develop from a pluripotential haemopoietic stem cell in the bone marrow

40
Q

What does the pluripotent stem cell give rise to?

A

Two multipotent haemopoietic progenitors

41
Q

Name 2 multipotent haemopoietic progenitors

A
  1. Lymphoid progenitors

2. Myeloid progenitors

42
Q

Name the process of red blood cell formation

A

Erythropoiesis

43
Q

What are 4 features of erythropoiesis?

A
  1. Reduction of cell size
  2. Decrease in nucleus size
  3. Haemoglobin is produced
  4. Extrusion of the nucleus
44
Q

What is the function of erythropoietin?

A

Increase rate of erythropoiesis due to low levels of oxygen in the blood

Biomedical Science 2 (2 decks)

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