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Biosciences 1 > Blood, Blood Vessels and the Lymphatic System > Flashcards

Blood, Blood Vessels and the Lymphatic System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of blood?

A

A highly specialised, complex, mobile connective tissue in which living blood cells are suspended in a fluid called plasma

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2
Q

What is the pH of blood?

A

7.35-7.45

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3
Q

What is the average volume of blood in males and females?

A

Male- 5-6 litres

Female- 4-5 litres

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4
Q

Name the 3 functions of blood

A

Transportation, protection and regulation

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5
Q

What is transported in the blood?

A

Oxygen from lungs, carbon dioxide from cells (diffusion)
Nutrients from the gastrointestinal system to cells (GI)
Heat and waste products away from cells
Hormones from the endocrine system to other cells

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6
Q

What are the protective factors of the blood?

A

Blood clotting in response to injury, prevents blood loss

Contains proteins to protect against disease

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7
Q

What does the blood regulate?

A

pH of body fluids
Temperature regulation
Osmotic pressure

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8
Q

What are the main components of blood?

A

55% plasma, 45% red blood cells, <1% white blood cells and platelets

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9
Q

Describe the properties of plasma?

A

Straw coloured liquid consisting of 91.5% water
7% plasma proteins-
Albumins help to maintain osmotic pressure
Globulins include antibodies (immunoglobulin’s)
Fibrinogen for formation of blood clots
1.5% other solutes such as electrolytes, nutrients, gases, enzymes, hormones, vitamins and waste products

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10
Q

What is Haematopoiesis?

A

The formation of blood cells. Occurs in red bone marrow. All blood cells are derived from a common stem cell (haemocytoblast.)

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11
Q

Name the Haemocytoblast differentiations

A

Lymphoid stem cell produces lymphocytes

Myeloid stem cell produces all other formed elements

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12
Q

How are red blood cells (erythrocytes) formed?

A

Erythropoiesis
Made in the red bone marrow in bones of pelvis, ribs, breastbone, backbones, skill and ends of long bones of arms and legs

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13
Q

What is the life span of a red blood cell?

A

120 days

Worn out blood cells are destroyed in spleen, liver and red bone marrow, phagocytosed by macrophages

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14
Q

What is the structure of red blood cells?

A

Bioconcave in shape
Contains oxygen-carrying protein haemoglobin (Hb), which consists of the protein globin and iron containing red pigment heme (haem)
Hb transports most of the oxygen and some of the carbon dioxide in blood

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15
Q

What is the function of the white blood cells (leukocytes)?

A

Combat pathogens and foreign substances that enter the body
Most only live a few days or hours during response to infection
Some leukocytes give us immunity, these cells can last for years (Memory T&B lymphocytes)

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16
Q

What are the 2 major groups of leukocytes?

A

Granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils)

Agranulocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes)

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17
Q

Describe the properties and function of platelets (thrombocytes)?

A

Cell fragments which are disc shaped and have no nucleus

When blood vessels are damaged, the platelets form a platelet plug

18
Q

Define haemostasis

A

A sequence of responses: stops bleeding when blood vessels are injured

19
Q

What are the three stages of haemostasis?

A
  1. Vasospasm- smooth muscle in the wall of damaged blood vessel contracts immediately. Platelets release chemicals which enhance the vasospasm. Reduces blood loss for the vessel for minutes to hours
  2. Platelet plug formation- platelets come in contact and stick to the damaged vessel, they release chemicals increasing vasospasm and other platelets are made sticky. Platelets form a mass called a platelet plug
  3. Blood clotting- various chemicals (clotting factors) activate each other and result in the formation of fibrin threads in which the formed elements of blood are trapped
20
Q

What are the stages of clotting?

A

Prothrombinase converts to prothrombin into thrombin which converts fibrinogen into fibrin

21
Q

What are antigens (agglutinogens)?

A

Glycoproteins and glycolipids found on the surface of erythrocytes which are genetically determined

22
Q

How are blood groups determined?

A

Based on presence or absence of various antigens. There may be two or more blood types in a blood group

23
Q

What are the different blood groups?

A 
If red blood cells have-
Only antigen A= type A blood
Only antigen B= type B blood 
Both A and B= type AB 
Neither A nor B= type O blood
24
Q

What is the Rhesus (RH) Blood Group?

A

An antigen that was discovered in the blood of rhesus monkeys. People are either Rh positive or negative.
If red blood cells have Rh antigens= Rh positive
If red blood cells to not contain antigens= Rh negative

25
Q

What happens if you give an Rh- patient Rh+ blood?

A

anti-Rh antibodies are formed. If another transfusion is given, anti-Rh antibodies will haemolyse (rupture) red blood cells of donated blood

26
Q

What are arteries?

A

Blood vessels carry blood away from the heart

27
Q

What are veins?

A

Blood vessels that carry blood towards the heart

28
Q

What are capillaries?

A

Tiny blood vessels that create a network enabling diffusion of gasses and solutes

29
Q

Why do arteries have thick walls?

A

To withstand blood which is sometimes exerting at a high pressure

30
Q

Describe the properties of arteries

A

Elastic as they have to expand and recoil as blood pulses through. There is high blood pressure when ventricles contract and blood squeezed out, less pressure during diastole

31
Q

What are the layers in the arteries?

A

Tunica adventitia- outer layer made of elastic fibres and collagen
Tunica media- thickest layer, mostly smooth muscle with elastic fibres
Tunica intima- inner layer, endothelium lining forms a smooth lining which is in contact with blood

32
Q

What are arterioles?

A

Very small arteries that deliver blood to the capillary beds. The walls are the same 3 layers as in arteries

33
Q

What is the function of arterioles?

A

Have a key role in regulating blood flow to different organs

  • For example, during emergency situations such as blood loss, they can constrict which reduces blood flow to some less essential areas such as the skin (skin becomes pale) and gastrointestinal tract
  • More blood is then available for essential organs such as the heart, lungs, brain and skeletal muscle (stress response often known as fight or flight)
34
Q

What is the pulse?

A

A wave or pulse of blood due to expansion of the artery during ventricular contraction (systole). The pulse can be felt where the artery flows close to the body surface

35
Q

Describe the walls of the veins

A

Same as in arteries and arterioles but blood in veins exert very little pressure, so size differs from arteries.
Tunica adventitia- thicker than in arteries
Tunica media- thinner than in arteries
Tunica intima- thinner than in arteries

36
Q

Describe the structure of veins

A

Contain semi-lunar valves which prevent backflow of blood. These are made from folds of tunica intima

37
Q

What are venules?

A

Very small veins. Blood flows from arteries into capillaries then into venules then veins which carry blood back to the heart

38
Q

Describe the properties of capillaries

A
  • Microscopic blood vessels
  • 1 cell thick wall, endothelium is supported on a basement membrane
  • Exchange vessels- the only blood vessels through which nutrients, gasses, waste from tissues etc can enter or leave the blood
  • Almost all cells have a capillary close to them
  • An arteriole breaks down into a series of capillaries known as a capillary bed
39
Q

What is the lymphatic system?

A

A system of vessels that carry fluid from the tissues, cleans it and puts it into the blood stream

40
Q

What do lymphatic capillaries do?

A

Drain excess fluid from the tissues

41
Q

What happens in the lymph nodes?

A

Fluid flows through and microbes are filtered out and dealt with by immune system. Many cells of immune system in lymph nodes.

Biosciences 1 (6 decks)

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