Blood and Tissue flagellates Flashcards
0
Q
may course beneath the plasma membrane
A
pellicular microtubules or fibrils
1
Q
bodies of protozoa are covered by
A
plasma membrane
2
Q
microtubules uderlie a flexible membrane
A
kinetoplastid flagellates
3
Q
they have adjoining membranes that have fibrous connection between the body and the undulating membrane
A
trypanosome
Trichomonas
4
Q
mitochondria- amoeba
A
branched tubular cristae
5
Q
mitochondria- flagellates
A
single large body
6
Q
mitochondria- ciliates
A
elongated sausage shaped
7
Q
golgi app of protozoa
A
dictyosome
8
Q
flagellates- dictyosome
A
large and multiple parabasal bodies in association with kinetosomes
9
Q
microbodies containing oxidases and catalases
A
peroxisomes
10
Q
peroxisomes- Trichomonas spp.
A
hydrogenosomes
11
Q
peroxisomes- kinetoplastida
A
glycosomes with glycolytic enzymes
12
Q
low demsity colloid
can exists as fluid or relatively solid which allows cytoplasm to assume different shapes
A
cytoplasmic matrix
13
Q
sol state
containes nucleus, mitochondrion, golgi bodies
A
central zone of cytoplasm / endoplasm
14
Q
gel state
more transparent than sol
A
peripheral zone of cytoplasm / ectoplasm
15
Q
peripheral zone of cytoplasm / ectoplasm function
A
maintain cell shape
16
Q
base of flagella or cillia are embedded in the
A
ectoplasm
17
Q
oval, discoid, or round
appear vesicular with irregular distribution of chromatin
A
nucleus
18
Q
nucleus
reproductive, undergo meiosis prior to sexual reproduction (conjugation)
A
micronucleus
19
Q
nucleus
somatic, dense, elongated or chainlike
does not undergo during meiosis
A
macronucleus
20
Q
macronucleus fxn
A
cell metabolism
growth
21
Q
finely granular aggregation of dense chromatin
A
nucleoplasm
22
Q
nucleoli, does not disappear during mitosis
A
endosomes
23
Q
structure that consists of two membranes
A
nuclear envelope
24
protozoa move by 3 basic types
pseudopods
flagella
cilia
25
some amoebas possess both
flagella
| pseudopods
26
temporary extensions of the cell membrane found in amoebas ad well as in variety of cell types
pseudopods
27
movement by means of pseudopodia
protrusion of the cell
adhesion to substrate
consequent contraction
28
slender whiplike structures
flagella (undulipodia)
29
flagella or undulipodia is composed of
a central axoneme
| outer sheath
30
flagella- continuation of the cell membrane
outer sheath
31
consists of 9 peripheral and 1 central pair of microtubules
axoneme
32
similar to centrioles of eukaryotes
| axoneme arises from
kinetosome or basal body
33
adaptation of flagella to viscous environment
bent back
| loosely attached to the lateral cell surface forming a finlike undulating membrane
34
dark staining body found near the kinetosome
| disc made of DNA circles
kinetoplast
35
flagella
central axoneme
outer sheath
kinetosome
kinetoplast
36
beat regularly, with back and forth stroke in a two dimensional plane
cilia
37
cilia composition
kinetosome
| axoneme with 2 central and 9 peripheral microtubules
38
flagellum
kinetosome
associated organelles
mastigont or mastigont system
39
conditions favoring encystment
```
food deficiency
dessication
increased tonicity
dec oxygen concentration
pH or temp changes
```
40
during encystment
a cyst wall is secreted
41
during excystation
return to a favorable environment
42
cystic form in coccidians
oocyst
43
oocyst is formed after
```
gamete union
multiple fission (sporogony) producing sporozoites
```
44
formed after multiple fission
sporozoites
45
protozoa lacking chloroplasts are all
heterotrophic
46
temporary mouth parts in
amoebas
47
permanent cystosome mouthpart
ciliates
48
excretion of indigestible material in ciliates
cytopage
49
flagellates phylum
euglenozoa
50
flagellates class
kinetoplasta
51
flagellates order
trypanosomatida
52
flagellates genera
trypanosoma
53
flagellates
leishmania
leptomona
crithidia
54
all trypanosomes are
heteroxenous
| hemoflagellates
55
heteroxenous means
during 1 stage of their lives they live in the blood and or fixed tissues of all vertebrate classes and during other stages they live in the intestines of bloodsucking invertebrates
56
hemoflagellates means
lab culture media usually must contain blood
57
nomenclature used is according to
kinetoplast
| nucleus
58
basal body anterior of nucleus
| with a short essentially nonfunctional flagellhm
amastigote
59
basal body anterior of nucleus
| with a long detached flagellum
promastigote
60
basal body anterior of nucleus
| with long flagellum attached along the cell body
epimastigote
61
basal body posterior of nucleus
| with a long flagellum attached along the cell body
trypomastigote
62
means whip in Greek
mastig
63
mammalian stages of --- exist primarily in the bloodstream
T. brucei
64
T. cruzi mammalian stage reside within
cytoplasm of host cells
65
Leishmania spp. mammalian stage reside within
phagolysosome of host macrophage
66
two broad groups of trypanosomes
salivaria
| stercoraria
67
trypanosoma species develop in the anterior portion of the digestive tract of the insect host
section salivaria
68
species develops in the vector' hindgut
section Stercoraria
69
trypanosoma brucei section salivaria subspecies
T. brucei brucei
T. brucei gambiense
T. brucei rhodesiense
70
three groups of genus Glossina often given subgeneric status
```
fusca grp (subgenus Austenina)
palpalis grp (subgenus Nemorhina)
morsitans groups (subgenus Glossina s.s.)
```
71
trypanoma brucei subspecies are
morphologically indistinguishable
not assoc with sleepings sickness
some transmit triposonomiasis to game and domestic lvstock
72
trypanoma brucei vectors
tsetse flies (diptera: glossinidae:genus:glossina s.s.)
73
tsetse flies glossina species morphology
6-15 mm
narrow bodied
brownish grayish color
stout proboscis
74
tsetse flies are found in
Africa
75
a bloodstream parasite of native antelopes and other african ruminant
trypanosoma brucei brucei
76
trypanosoma brucei brucei disease
Nagana
77
are humans susceptible to nagana?
NOOOO
78
etiologic agents of African sleeping sickness
trypanosoma brucei gambiense
| trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense
79
Trypanosoma brucei gabiense disease
chronic African sleeping sickness
80
Trypanosoma brucei gabiense found in
west central and central Africa
81
vectors of Trypanosoma brucei gabiense
Glossina palpalis
| Glossina tachinoides
82
Glossina palpalis and Glossina tachinoides habitat preferene
riverine flies
| shady, moist areas along rivers
83
Glossina palpalis and Glossina tachinoides reservoir
domestic pigs, cattle, dogs, antelopes
84
man-fly-man transmission of T. brucei gambiense is more common in
west and central Africa
85
asymptomatic T. brucei gabiense carry parasites in
blood for long periods- continuously infective for the vectors
86
Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense disease
acute form of sleeping sickness
87
Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense are found in
central and east Africa
88
Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense vectors
Glossina morsitans
Glossina pallidipes
Glossina swynnertoni
89
Glossina morsitans, Glossina pallidipes, Glossina swynnertoni habitat preference
dry friable earth
90
T. brucei rhodesiense reservoir
wild game animals
- bushbuck
- hartebeest
- lion
- hyena
- cattle
91
which is more virulent T. brucei rhodesiense or T. brucei gambiense?
T. brucei rhodesiense
92
infective stage of T. brucei
metacyclic trypomastigotes
93
T. brucei enter the
lymphatic system
94
in the bloodstream, T. brucei become
bloodstream trypomastigotes
95
replication of T. brucei
binary fission
96
in man, T. brucei live in
tissues
97
entire life cycle of T. brucei is represented by
extracellular stages in the fly
98
in the tsetse fly's midgut, T. brucei transform into
procyclic trypomastigotes
99
after leaving the midgut T. brucei become
epimastigote
100
epimastigotes final destination
tsetse fly's salivary glands
101
cycle of tsetse fly is approximately
3 weeks
102
main reservoir of T. brucei gambiense
man
103
main reservoir of T. brucei rhodesiense
wild game animals
104
mode of transmission of T. brucei
inoculation of metacyclic trypomastigote from a tsetse fly bite
105
T. brucei diagnostic stage
trypomastigote in blood or lymph
106
Rhodesian disease progression
more rapidly
| more pronounced symptoms
107
African sleeping sickness more pronounced race
caucasian
108
progression of trypanosomiasis stages (3)
bite reaction
parasitemia
CNS stage
109
bite reaction trypanosomiasis
nonpustular itchy chancre
1-4 weeks after the bite
lasts 1-2 weeks with no scar
110
parasitemia and lymph node trypanosomiasis is marked by
fever 2-3 weeks after the bite
| with malaise, lassitude, insomnia, headache, lymphadenopathy, edema
111
Kerandel's sign in parasitemia stage trypanosomiasis
painful sensitivity of palms and ulnar region in caucasians
112
very characteristic of gambian dse is enlargement of glands of the posterior cervical region
Winterbottom's sign
113
febrile episodes of Gambian disease may last
few moths or several years
114
CNS stage trypanosomiasis
```
lack of interest
avoidance
morose and melancholic
mental retardation and lethargy
low and tremulous speech
tremors of tongue and limbs
slow shuffling gait
```
115
trypanosomiasis CNS stage in males
cause impotence
116
later CNS stages of trypanosomiasis
drowsiness and uncontrollable urge to sleep
117
terminal trypanosomiasis stage
wasting and emaciation
118
trypanosoma that rarely involves the CNS
| no somnambulism
T. brucei rhodesiense
119
african trypanosomes express this as a protective coat
glycosylphosphatidyl inositol (GPI)- anchored variable surface glycoprotein
120
2 properties of VSG coat that allow immune evasion are
shielding
| periodic antigenic variation
121
shielding by VSG prevents the immune system from
assessing the plasma membrane of trypanosomes
122
periodic antigenic variation of VSG on immune evasion
switching- express new coat to escape the specific immune response against the previous coat
123
vsg of trypanosomes induce
complement inhibition
antigenic variation
autoantibody-molecular mimicry
cytokine synthesis
124
infectivity of T. brucei rhodesiense to humans is due to
resistance to a lytic factor in human serum
125
diagnosis of T. brucei
blood, bone marrow, CSF
| card agglutination test in whole blood or serum
126
trypanosoma brucei infection treatment
```
arsenicals
Suramin
Pentamidine
Berenil
DFMO- brain infections
```
127
vector control interventions for Glossina
```
sequential aerosol spraying technique
ground spraying
insecticide- treated targets or animals
trap
sterile insect technique
```
128
cheaper but labor and management intensive tsetse fly control
odor baited traps and screens with insecticides
129
lab male tsetse flies are sent to the wild
Sterile Insect technique
130
Trypanosoma section stercoralia
Trypanosoma cruzi
131
form of T. cruzi in blood
trypanosomal: trypomastigote
132
T. cruzi form found in insect intestine
crithidial: amastigote
133
T. cruzi found intracellularly or in pseudocysts in myocardium and brain
leishmanial: amastigote
134
leishmanial form morphology
round or oval in shape
2-4 microns
lacks prominent flagellum
135
T. cruzi disease
American trypanosomiasis or Chagas disease
136
chagas disease widespread in american continent among small wild animals
enzootic sylvatic cycle
137
chagas dse remains correlated to
domestic cycle
138
mode of transmission
metacyclic trypomastigotes in fecal material gain access to mammalian tissue
139
vectors of T.cruzi
order Hemiptera
family Reduvirae
subfamily Triatominae
140
T. cruzi vector commonly known as kissing bugs
Triatominae
141
within subfamily of Reduviidae this genera are important vectors of Chagas dse
Triatoma
Rhodnius
Panstrongylus
142
where metacyclic trypomastigotes of T.cruzi become amastigotes by binary fission
macrophages
143
T. cruzi form in the bloodstream
trypomastigotes
144
uninfected kissing bugs or Triatominae acquire this by feeding on the blood
trypomastigotes
145
in the alimentary tract of Triatominae, T. cruzi becomes
epimastigotes
146
epimastigotes of T. cruzi divide longitudinally in the mid and hindgut of Triatominae to become
infective metacyclic trypomastigotes
147
man to man transmission of T. cruzi
blood transfusion
| transplacental route
148
diagnostic stage of T. cruzi
trypomastigote in blood, CSF, fixed tissue or lymph
149
3 stages of Chagas disease
primary lesion or chagoma
acute stage
chronic stage
150
kissing bite bug chagoma appears within
a few hours after the bite
151
chagoma
slightly raised flat nonpurulent erythematous plaque surrounded by hard edema
152
primary chagoma in the face
pre and post auricular glands
| submaxillary glands
153
chagoma infection of the eyelid
unilateral conjunctivitis and orbital edema (Romana's sign)
154
acute stage of T. cruzi infection appears at
7-14 days after infection
155
frequent in intial acute stage of chagas dse
diffuse myocarditis
sometimes with serous pericarditis and endocarditis
156
acute stage of Chagas dse in children
meningoencephalitis
| coma
157
hematologic exam in acute T. cruzi reveals
lymphocytosis
| parasitemia
158
chronic chagas disease results in
abnormal function of the hollow organs such as heart, esophagus and colon
159
cardiac changes in chronic chagas dse
myocardial insufficiency
cardiomegaly
AV conduction disturbances
Adams-Stroke syndrome
160
disturbance of peristalsis in chronic chagas disease results in
megaesophagus
| megacolon
161
T. cruzi stimulation of immune response
both humoral and cell mediated
162
can lyze T. cruzi but rarely causes eradication of the intracellular organism
antibodies
163
can kill T. cruzi
activated macrophages- cell mediated immunity
164
which trypanosome does not alter its antigenic coat?
T. cruzi
165
autoimmune reaction in chagas dse pathogenesis
ab against heart and muscle cells
166
diagnosis of T, cruzi infection
demonstration of T. cruzi
| isolation of the agent
167
visualization of T.cruzi
stained with Giemsa
| thin and thick blood smears
168
motile parasites of T. cruzi seen in
fresh anticoagulated blood or its buffy coat
169
trypomastigotes of T. cruzi and T. brucei can be differentiated by
size of kinetoplast
170
which trypanosome has a larger kinetoplast?
T. cruzi
171
trypanosome with C shape
T. cruzi
172
trypanosome that can be found as nonmotile amastigote in tissues
T. cruzi
173
most effective drugs against T. cruzi kill
only the extracellular protozoa
174
T. cruzi in acute infections treatment
Nifurtimox
| Benzinadazole
175
Leishmania like Trypanosomes are
heteroxenous
176
Leishmania part of lifecycle in sandflies
promastigote
177
amastigotes found in vertebrate tissues
Leishmania- Donovan bodies
178
mammal most commonly affected by Leishmania
humans
dogs
rodents
179
causes visceral Leishmaniasis
L. donovani
180
visceral leishmaniasis
Kala-azar
black disease
dumdum fever
181
cause cutaneous leishmaniasis
L. tropica (major, minor, ethiopica)
182
cutaneous leishmaniasis
```
oriental sore
Delhi ulcer
Aleppo boil
Delhi boil
Baghdad boil
```
183
agent of mucocutaneous leishmaniasis
L. brazilliensis
L. mexicana
L. peruviana
184
mucocutaneous leishmaniasis
espundia
Uta
chiclero ulcer
185
vector of Leishmaniasis
sandflies
family: Psychodidae
subfamily: Phlebotominae
186
old world genera of sandflies of leishmaniasis
Phoembotomus
| Sergentomyia
187
new world genera of sandfly leishmaniasis
Lutzomyia
| Bromptomyia
188
leishmaniasis mode of transmission
bite of infected phlemotomine sandflies
189
leishmania infective stage
promastigotes
190
leishmania form in macrophage and mononuclear phagocytic cells
amastigote
191
Viannia subgenus sandfly develop in the
hindgut of leishmania
192
leishmania subgenus amastigotes develop in the
midgut of sandflies
193
cutaneous leishmaniasis is common in
west central africa
middle east
asia minor
india
194
intermediate host or vector of cutaneous leishmaniasis
Phlebotomus
195
Phlebotomus in cutaneous leishmaniasis develop in the
midgut then move into pharynx
196
LMW and peptides in Phlebotomus saliva cause
vasodilation
| facilitate infection
197
local multiplication in cutaneous leishmaniasis papule lasts
1-2 weeks or 1-2 months
198
papule in cutaneous leishmaniasis becomes
painless ulcer that heals in 2-10 months untreated and leaves a disfiguring scar
199
sores of cutaneous leishmaniasis
painful or. painless
200
diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis
scrapings on the side of the ulcer
Wright or Giemsa stain
endothelial or monocytes
201
leishmania amastigote morphology
```
spherical to ovoid
1-5 um long
1-2 um wide
large nucleus
prominent kinetoplast
short axoneme
```
202
mucocutaneous leishmaniasis common in
central Mexico
| northern Argentina
203
mucocutaneous leishmaniasis differs from cutaneous in
metastasize
204
incubation period of visceral leishmaniasis
2-4 months
205
visceral leishmaniasis death in
2-3 years
206
immediate cause of death in visceral leishmaniasis
invasion of secondary pathogen
207
visceral leishmaniasis treatment
antimony compounds applied to lesions or IV, IM
