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Parasitology > Blood and Tissue flagellates > Flashcards

Blood and Tissue flagellates Flashcards

0
Q

may course beneath the plasma membrane

A

pellicular microtubules or fibrils

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1
Q

bodies of protozoa are covered by

A

plasma membrane

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2
Q

microtubules uderlie a flexible membrane

A

kinetoplastid flagellates

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3
Q

they have adjoining membranes that have fibrous connection between the body and the undulating membrane

A

trypanosome

Trichomonas

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4
Q

mitochondria- amoeba

A

branched tubular cristae

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5
Q

mitochondria- flagellates

A

single large body

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6
Q

mitochondria- ciliates

A

elongated sausage shaped

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7
Q

golgi app of protozoa

A

dictyosome

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8
Q

flagellates- dictyosome

A

large and multiple parabasal bodies in association with kinetosomes

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9
Q

microbodies containing oxidases and catalases

A

peroxisomes

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10
Q

peroxisomes- Trichomonas spp.

A

hydrogenosomes

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11
Q

peroxisomes- kinetoplastida

A

glycosomes with glycolytic enzymes

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12
Q

low demsity colloid

can exists as fluid or relatively solid which allows cytoplasm to assume different shapes

A

cytoplasmic matrix

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13
Q

sol state

containes nucleus, mitochondrion, golgi bodies

A

central zone of cytoplasm / endoplasm

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14
Q

gel state

more transparent than sol

A

peripheral zone of cytoplasm / ectoplasm

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15
Q

peripheral zone of cytoplasm / ectoplasm function

A

maintain cell shape

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16
Q

base of flagella or cillia are embedded in the

A

ectoplasm

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17
Q

oval, discoid, or round

appear vesicular with irregular distribution of chromatin

A

nucleus

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18
Q

nucleus

reproductive, undergo meiosis prior to sexual reproduction (conjugation)

A

micronucleus

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19
Q

nucleus
somatic, dense, elongated or chainlike
does not undergo during meiosis

A

macronucleus

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20
Q

macronucleus fxn

A

cell metabolism

growth

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21
Q

finely granular aggregation of dense chromatin

A

nucleoplasm

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22
Q

nucleoli, does not disappear during mitosis

A

endosomes

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23
Q

structure that consists of two membranes

A

nuclear envelope

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24
Q

protozoa move by 3 basic types

A

pseudopods
flagella
cilia

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25
Q

some amoebas possess both

A

flagella

pseudopods

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26
Q

temporary extensions of the cell membrane found in amoebas ad well as in variety of cell types

A

pseudopods

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27
Q

movement by means of pseudopodia

A

protrusion of the cell
adhesion to substrate
consequent contraction

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28
Q

slender whiplike structures

A

flagella (undulipodia)

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29
Q

flagella or undulipodia is composed of

A

a central axoneme

outer sheath

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30
Q

flagella- continuation of the cell membrane

A

outer sheath

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31
Q

consists of 9 peripheral and 1 central pair of microtubules

A

axoneme

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32
Q

similar to centrioles of eukaryotes

axoneme arises from

A

kinetosome or basal body

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33
Q

adaptation of flagella to viscous environment

A

bent back

loosely attached to the lateral cell surface forming a finlike undulating membrane

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34
Q

dark staining body found near the kinetosome

disc made of DNA circles

A

kinetoplast

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35
Q

flagella

A

central axoneme
outer sheath
kinetosome
kinetoplast

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36
Q

beat regularly, with back and forth stroke in a two dimensional plane

A

cilia

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37
Q

cilia composition

A

kinetosome

axoneme with 2 central and 9 peripheral microtubules

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38
Q

flagellum
kinetosome
associated organelles

A

mastigont or mastigont system

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39
Q

conditions favoring encystment

A 
food deficiency
dessication 
increased tonicity
dec oxygen concentration 
pH or temp changes
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40
Q

during encystment

A

a cyst wall is secreted

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41
Q

during excystation

A

return to a favorable environment

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42
Q

cystic form in coccidians

A

oocyst

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43
Q

oocyst is formed after

A 
gamete union 
multiple fission (sporogony) producing sporozoites
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44
Q

formed after multiple fission

A

sporozoites

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45
Q

protozoa lacking chloroplasts are all

A

heterotrophic

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46
Q

temporary mouth parts in

A

amoebas

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47
Q

permanent cystosome mouthpart

A

ciliates

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48
Q

excretion of indigestible material in ciliates

A

cytopage

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49
Q

flagellates phylum

A

euglenozoa

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50
Q

flagellates class

A

kinetoplasta

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51
Q

flagellates order

A

trypanosomatida

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52
Q

flagellates genera

A

trypanosoma

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53
Q

flagellates

A

leishmania
leptomona
crithidia

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54
Q

all trypanosomes are

A

heteroxenous

hemoflagellates

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55
Q

heteroxenous means

A

during 1 stage of their lives they live in the blood and or fixed tissues of all vertebrate classes and during other stages they live in the intestines of bloodsucking invertebrates

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56
Q

hemoflagellates means

A

lab culture media usually must contain blood

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57
Q

nomenclature used is according to

A

kinetoplast

nucleus

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58
Q

basal body anterior of nucleus

with a short essentially nonfunctional flagellhm

A

amastigote

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59
Q

basal body anterior of nucleus

with a long detached flagellum

A

promastigote

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60
Q

basal body anterior of nucleus

with long flagellum attached along the cell body

A

epimastigote

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61
Q

basal body posterior of nucleus

with a long flagellum attached along the cell body

A

trypomastigote

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62
Q

means whip in Greek

A

mastig

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63
Q

mammalian stages of — exist primarily in the bloodstream

A

T. brucei

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64
Q

T. cruzi mammalian stage reside within

A

cytoplasm of host cells

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65
Q

Leishmania spp. mammalian stage reside within

A

phagolysosome of host macrophage

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66
Q

two broad groups of trypanosomes

A

salivaria

stercoraria

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67
Q

trypanosoma species develop in the anterior portion of the digestive tract of the insect host

A

section salivaria

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68
Q

species develops in the vector’ hindgut

A

section Stercoraria

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69
Q

trypanosoma brucei section salivaria subspecies

A

T. brucei brucei
T. brucei gambiense
T. brucei rhodesiense

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70
Q

three groups of genus Glossina often given subgeneric status

A 
fusca grp (subgenus Austenina)
palpalis grp (subgenus Nemorhina)
morsitans groups (subgenus Glossina s.s.)
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71
Q

trypanoma brucei subspecies are

A

morphologically indistinguishable
not assoc with sleepings sickness
some transmit triposonomiasis to game and domestic lvstock

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72
Q

trypanoma brucei vectors

A

tsetse flies (diptera: glossinidae:genus:glossina s.s.)

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73
Q

tsetse flies glossina species morphology

A

6-15 mm
narrow bodied
brownish grayish color
stout proboscis

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74
Q

tsetse flies are found in

A

Africa

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75
Q

a bloodstream parasite of native antelopes and other african ruminant

A

trypanosoma brucei brucei

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76
Q

trypanosoma brucei brucei disease

A

Nagana

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77
Q

are humans susceptible to nagana?

A

NOOOO

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78
Q

etiologic agents of African sleeping sickness

A

trypanosoma brucei gambiense

trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense

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79
Q

Trypanosoma brucei gabiense disease

A

chronic African sleeping sickness

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80
Q

Trypanosoma brucei gabiense found in

A

west central and central Africa

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81
Q

vectors of Trypanosoma brucei gabiense

A

Glossina palpalis

Glossina tachinoides

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82
Q

Glossina palpalis and Glossina tachinoides habitat preferene

A

riverine flies

shady, moist areas along rivers

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83
Q

Glossina palpalis and Glossina tachinoides reservoir

A

domestic pigs, cattle, dogs, antelopes

84
Q

man-fly-man transmission of T. brucei gambiense is more common in

A

west and central Africa

85
Q

asymptomatic T. brucei gabiense carry parasites in

A

blood for long periods- continuously infective for the vectors

86
Q

Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense disease

A

acute form of sleeping sickness

87
Q

Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense are found in

A

central and east Africa

88
Q

Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense vectors

A

Glossina morsitans
Glossina pallidipes
Glossina swynnertoni

89
Q

Glossina morsitans, Glossina pallidipes, Glossina swynnertoni habitat preference

A

dry friable earth

90
Q

T. brucei rhodesiense reservoir

A

wild game animals

  • bushbuck
  • hartebeest
  • lion
  • hyena
  • cattle
91
Q

which is more virulent T. brucei rhodesiense or T. brucei gambiense?

A

T. brucei rhodesiense

92
Q

infective stage of T. brucei

A

metacyclic trypomastigotes

93
Q

T. brucei enter the

A

lymphatic system

94
Q

in the bloodstream, T. brucei become

A

bloodstream trypomastigotes

95
Q

replication of T. brucei

A

binary fission

96
Q

in man, T. brucei live in

A

tissues

97
Q

entire life cycle of T. brucei is represented by

A

extracellular stages in the fly

98
Q

in the tsetse fly’s midgut, T. brucei transform into

A

procyclic trypomastigotes

99
Q

after leaving the midgut T. brucei become

A

epimastigote

100
Q

epimastigotes final destination

A

tsetse fly’s salivary glands

101
Q

cycle of tsetse fly is approximately

A

3 weeks

102
Q

main reservoir of T. brucei gambiense

A

man

103
Q

main reservoir of T. brucei rhodesiense

A

wild game animals

104
Q

mode of transmission of T. brucei

A

inoculation of metacyclic trypomastigote from a tsetse fly bite

105
Q

T. brucei diagnostic stage

A

trypomastigote in blood or lymph

106
Q

Rhodesian disease progression

A

more rapidly

more pronounced symptoms

107
Q

African sleeping sickness more pronounced race

A

caucasian

108
Q

progression of trypanosomiasis stages (3)

A

bite reaction
parasitemia
CNS stage

109
Q

bite reaction trypanosomiasis

A

nonpustular itchy chancre
1-4 weeks after the bite
lasts 1-2 weeks with no scar

110
Q

parasitemia and lymph node trypanosomiasis is marked by

A

fever 2-3 weeks after the bite

with malaise, lassitude, insomnia, headache, lymphadenopathy, edema

111
Q

Kerandel’s sign in parasitemia stage trypanosomiasis

A

painful sensitivity of palms and ulnar region in caucasians

112
Q

very characteristic of gambian dse is enlargement of glands of the posterior cervical region

A

Winterbottom’s sign

113
Q

febrile episodes of Gambian disease may last

A

few moths or several years

114
Q

CNS stage trypanosomiasis

A 
lack of interest
avoidance
morose and melancholic
mental retardation and lethargy
low and tremulous speech
tremors of tongue and limbs
slow shuffling gait
115
Q

trypanosomiasis CNS stage in males

A

cause impotence

116
Q

later CNS stages of trypanosomiasis

A

drowsiness and uncontrollable urge to sleep

117
Q

terminal trypanosomiasis stage

A

wasting and emaciation

118
Q

trypanosoma that rarely involves the CNS

no somnambulism

A

T. brucei rhodesiense

119
Q

african trypanosomes express this as a protective coat

A

glycosylphosphatidyl inositol (GPI)- anchored variable surface glycoprotein

120
Q

2 properties of VSG coat that allow immune evasion are

A

shielding

periodic antigenic variation

121
Q

shielding by VSG prevents the immune system from

A

assessing the plasma membrane of trypanosomes

122
Q

periodic antigenic variation of VSG on immune evasion

A

switching- express new coat to escape the specific immune response against the previous coat

123
Q

vsg of trypanosomes induce

A

complement inhibition
antigenic variation
autoantibody-molecular mimicry
cytokine synthesis

124
Q

infectivity of T. brucei rhodesiense to humans is due to

A

resistance to a lytic factor in human serum

125
Q

diagnosis of T. brucei

A

blood, bone marrow, CSF

card agglutination test in whole blood or serum

126
Q

trypanosoma brucei infection treatment

A 
arsenicals
Suramin
Pentamidine
Berenil
DFMO- brain infections
127
Q

vector control interventions for Glossina

A 
sequential aerosol spraying technique 
ground spraying
insecticide- treated targets or animals
trap
sterile insect technique
128
Q

cheaper but labor and management intensive tsetse fly control

A

odor baited traps and screens with insecticides

129
Q

lab male tsetse flies are sent to the wild

A

Sterile Insect technique

130
Q

Trypanosoma section stercoralia

A

Trypanosoma cruzi

131
Q

form of T. cruzi in blood

A

trypanosomal: trypomastigote

132
Q

T. cruzi form found in insect intestine

A

crithidial: amastigote

133
Q

T. cruzi found intracellularly or in pseudocysts in myocardium and brain

A

leishmanial: amastigote

134
Q

leishmanial form morphology

A

round or oval in shape
2-4 microns
lacks prominent flagellum

135
Q

T. cruzi disease

A

American trypanosomiasis or Chagas disease

136
Q

chagas disease widespread in american continent among small wild animals

A

enzootic sylvatic cycle

137
Q

chagas dse remains correlated to

A

domestic cycle

138
Q

mode of transmission

A

metacyclic trypomastigotes in fecal material gain access to mammalian tissue

139
Q

vectors of T.cruzi

A

order Hemiptera
family Reduvirae
subfamily Triatominae

140
Q

T. cruzi vector commonly known as kissing bugs

A

Triatominae

141
Q

within subfamily of Reduviidae this genera are important vectors of Chagas dse

A

Triatoma
Rhodnius
Panstrongylus

142
Q

where metacyclic trypomastigotes of T.cruzi become amastigotes by binary fission

A

macrophages

143
Q

T. cruzi form in the bloodstream

A

trypomastigotes

144
Q

uninfected kissing bugs or Triatominae acquire this by feeding on the blood

A

trypomastigotes

145
Q

in the alimentary tract of Triatominae, T. cruzi becomes

A

epimastigotes

146
Q

epimastigotes of T. cruzi divide longitudinally in the mid and hindgut of Triatominae to become

A

infective metacyclic trypomastigotes

147
Q

man to man transmission of T. cruzi

A

blood transfusion

transplacental route

148
Q

diagnostic stage of T. cruzi

A

trypomastigote in blood, CSF, fixed tissue or lymph

149
Q

3 stages of Chagas disease

A

primary lesion or chagoma
acute stage
chronic stage

150
Q

kissing bite bug chagoma appears within

A

a few hours after the bite

151
Q

chagoma

A

slightly raised flat nonpurulent erythematous plaque surrounded by hard edema

152
Q

primary chagoma in the face

A

pre and post auricular glands

submaxillary glands

153
Q

chagoma infection of the eyelid

A

unilateral conjunctivitis and orbital edema (Romana’s sign)

154
Q

acute stage of T. cruzi infection appears at

A

7-14 days after infection

155
Q

frequent in intial acute stage of chagas dse

A

diffuse myocarditis

sometimes with serous pericarditis and endocarditis

156
Q

acute stage of Chagas dse in children

A

meningoencephalitis

coma

157
Q

hematologic exam in acute T. cruzi reveals

A

lymphocytosis

parasitemia

158
Q

chronic chagas disease results in

A

abnormal function of the hollow organs such as heart, esophagus and colon

159
Q

cardiac changes in chronic chagas dse

A

myocardial insufficiency
cardiomegaly
AV conduction disturbances
Adams-Stroke syndrome

160
Q

disturbance of peristalsis in chronic chagas disease results in

A

megaesophagus

megacolon

161
Q

T. cruzi stimulation of immune response

A

both humoral and cell mediated

162
Q

can lyze T. cruzi but rarely causes eradication of the intracellular organism

A

antibodies

163
Q

can kill T. cruzi

A

activated macrophages- cell mediated immunity

164
Q

which trypanosome does not alter its antigenic coat?

A

T. cruzi

165
Q

autoimmune reaction in chagas dse pathogenesis

A

ab against heart and muscle cells

166
Q

diagnosis of T, cruzi infection

A

demonstration of T. cruzi

isolation of the agent

167
Q

visualization of T.cruzi

A

stained with Giemsa

thin and thick blood smears

168
Q

motile parasites of T. cruzi seen in

A

fresh anticoagulated blood or its buffy coat

169
Q

trypomastigotes of T. cruzi and T. brucei can be differentiated by

A

size of kinetoplast

170
Q

which trypanosome has a larger kinetoplast?

A

T. cruzi

171
Q

trypanosome with C shape

A

T. cruzi

172
Q

trypanosome that can be found as nonmotile amastigote in tissues

A

T. cruzi

173
Q

most effective drugs against T. cruzi kill

A

only the extracellular protozoa

174
Q

T. cruzi in acute infections treatment

A

Nifurtimox

Benzinadazole

175
Q

Leishmania like Trypanosomes are

A

heteroxenous

176
Q

Leishmania part of lifecycle in sandflies

A

promastigote

177
Q

amastigotes found in vertebrate tissues

A

Leishmania- Donovan bodies

178
Q

mammal most commonly affected by Leishmania

A

humans
dogs
rodents

179
Q

causes visceral Leishmaniasis

A

L. donovani

180
Q

visceral leishmaniasis

A

Kala-azar
black disease
dumdum fever

181
Q

cause cutaneous leishmaniasis

A

L. tropica (major, minor, ethiopica)

182
Q

cutaneous leishmaniasis

A 
oriental sore
Delhi ulcer
Aleppo boil
Delhi boil
Baghdad boil
183
Q

agent of mucocutaneous leishmaniasis

A

L. brazilliensis
L. mexicana
L. peruviana

184
Q

mucocutaneous leishmaniasis

A

espundia
Uta
chiclero ulcer

185
Q

vector of Leishmaniasis

A

sandflies

family: Psychodidae
subfamily: Phlebotominae

186
Q

old world genera of sandflies of leishmaniasis

A

Phoembotomus

Sergentomyia

187
Q

new world genera of sandfly leishmaniasis

A

Lutzomyia

Bromptomyia

188
Q

leishmaniasis mode of transmission

A

bite of infected phlemotomine sandflies

189
Q

leishmania infective stage

A

promastigotes

190
Q

leishmania form in macrophage and mononuclear phagocytic cells

A

amastigote

191
Q

Viannia subgenus sandfly develop in the

A

hindgut of leishmania

192
Q

leishmania subgenus amastigotes develop in the

A

midgut of sandflies

193
Q

cutaneous leishmaniasis is common in

A

west central africa
middle east
asia minor
india

194
Q

intermediate host or vector of cutaneous leishmaniasis

A

Phlebotomus

195
Q

Phlebotomus in cutaneous leishmaniasis develop in the

A

midgut then move into pharynx

196
Q

LMW and peptides in Phlebotomus saliva cause

A

vasodilation

facilitate infection

197
Q

local multiplication in cutaneous leishmaniasis papule lasts

A

1-2 weeks or 1-2 months

198
Q

papule in cutaneous leishmaniasis becomes

A

painless ulcer that heals in 2-10 months untreated and leaves a disfiguring scar

199
Q

sores of cutaneous leishmaniasis

A

painful or. painless

200
Q

diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis

A

scrapings on the side of the ulcer
Wright or Giemsa stain
endothelial or monocytes

201
Q

leishmania amastigote morphology

A 
spherical to ovoid
1-5 um long
1-2 um wide
large nucleus
prominent kinetoplast
short axoneme
202
Q

mucocutaneous leishmaniasis common in

A

central Mexico

northern Argentina

203
Q

mucocutaneous leishmaniasis differs from cutaneous in

A

metastasize

204
Q

incubation period of visceral leishmaniasis

A

2-4 months

205
Q

visceral leishmaniasis death in

A

2-3 years

206
Q

immediate cause of death in visceral leishmaniasis

A

invasion of secondary pathogen

207
Q

visceral leishmaniasis treatment

A

antimony compounds applied to lesions or IV, IM

Parasitology (1 decks)

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