Blood and Tissue

Question 1

What is the primary function of blood in the body?

Answer 1

Circulates a fluid at a constant temperature

Blood functions as a central heating system in the body.

Question 2

What is coagulation?

Answer 2

Seals the body to the external environment by clotting at the site of cuts or grazes.

Question 3

What role does blood play in the immune system?

Answer 3

Provides a network for immune cells to move around the body.

Question 4

What is the function of blood in waste removal?

Answer 4

Removes waste products made during cellular metabolism.

Question 5

How does blood supply nutrients to cells?

Answer 5

Ensures cells have all the nutrients they need to function.

Question 6

What is the role of blood in gas exchange?

Answer 6

Supply of oxygen and removal of carbon dioxide.

Question 7

How do hormones circulate in the body?

Answer 7

Moves hormones and other signaling molecules around the body.

Question 8

What are the three main types of blood cells?

Answer 8

• Red cells (erythrocytes)
• White cells (leukocytes)
• Platelets (thrombocytes)

Question 9

Where are blood cells produced in adult mammals?

Answer 9

Bone marrow, a process known as haemopoiesis.

Question 10

What are haematopoietic stem cells?

Answer 10

Special stem cells that can differentiate into different blood type cells.

Question 11

What is the primary role of erythropoietin (EPO)?

Answer 11

Stimulates the survival of red blood cell precursors.

Question 12

What percentage of blood cells are red blood cells?

Answer 12

Make up around 95% of all blood cells.

Question 13

What is erythropoiesis?

Answer 13

The maturation of a red blood cell.

Question 14

What is the lifespan of a red blood cell?

Answer 14

100 days.

Question 15

How many leukocytes are there per milliliter of blood?

Answer 15

Approximately 5000000 leukocytes per ml of blood.

Question 16

What are the two main types of immune cells?

Answer 16

• Innate immune cells
• Adaptive immune cells

Question 17

What distinguishes granulocytes from agranulocytes?

Answer 17

Granulocytes contain granules, while agranulocytes do not.

Question 18

What is the primary function of neutrophils?

Answer 18

Kill foreign material and direct the immune response.

Question 19

Which cell type is known for fighting larger threats like worms?

Answer 19

Eosinophils.

Question 20

What is the function of basophils?

Answer 20

Defense against large microorganisms and exoparasites.

Question 21

What is the role of monocytes in the immune system?

Answer 21

They are precursors to macrophages and the most important phagocyte.

Question 22

What do T lymphocytes do?

Answer 22

Important cells in the adaptive immune system that recognize specific antigens.

Question 23

What is the function of B lymphocytes?

Answer 23

Produce antibodies that generate specificity of an immune response.

Question 24

What are platelets and their primary function?

Answer 24

Cell fragments that assist in blood clotting.

Question 25

What are endothelial cells?

Answer 25

Specialized epithelial cells that line all blood vessels.

Question 26

What is the extracellular matrix (ECM)?

Answer 26

A network of proteins and carbohydrates that provide scaffolding for tissues.

Question 27

What is the primary role of fibroblasts?

Answer 27

Secrete a wide range of fibers and ground substance.

Question 28

What is collagen and its function?

Answer 28

The most abundant protein in mammals that helps tissues resist tensile stress.

Question 29

What types of collagen are most common?

Answer 29

* Type I * Type II * Type III

Question 30

What are elastic fibers composed of?

Answer 30

Fibrillin plus elastin.

Question 31

What is the function of reticular fibers?

Answer 31

Form a meshwork structure called reticulin that provides support.

Question 32

What characterizes areolar connective tissue?

Answer 32

A mixture of fiber types with no easily identifiable structure.

Question 33

What type of connective tissue is adipose tissue?

Answer 33

Connective tissue that stores energy in the form of fat.

Question 34

What type of connective tissue is the most abundant in the body?

Answer 34

Areolar Connective Tissue ## Footnote Contains a mixture of fibre types, predominantly collagen, and is found throughout the body.

Question 35

What are the predominant cell types in Areolar Connective Tissue?

Answer 35

Fibroblasts ## Footnote These cells are responsible for producing and maintaining the extracellular matrix.

Question 36

What is the primary function of Adipose Connective Tissue?

Answer 36

Energy storage and insulation ## Footnote Contains adipocytes that store fat.

Question 37

Reticular Connective Tissue is primarily found in which type of tissues?

Answer 37

Lymphoid tissues ## Footnote Includes lymph nodes, thymus, tonsils, spleen, bone marrow, and liver.

Question 38

What characterizes Dense Regular Connective Tissue?

Answer 38

Fibres aligned parallel to the direction of force ## Footnote Great at resisting tensile strength in one direction.

Question 39

Where is Dense Irregular Connective Tissue commonly found?

Answer 39

In the lower layers of skin (dermis) ## Footnote Provides strength in multiple directions due to its random fibre alignment.

Question 40

What is the primary distinction between Loose and Dense connective tissues?

Answer 40

Density and fibre orientation ## Footnote Loose connective tissue has spaces between fibres, while dense connective tissue has closely packed fibres.

Question 41

What is a key feature of cartilage?

Answer 41

Avascularity ## Footnote Lacks blood vessels and does not repair well.

Question 42

Hyaline Cartilage is often referred to as what due to its appearance?

Answer 42

Glassy ## Footnote Its name comes from the Greek word 'hyalos' meaning glassy.

Question 43

What are the resident cells in Elastic Cartilage called?

Answer 43

Chondrocytes ## Footnote These cells produce collagen and elastic fibres.

Question 44

What type of cartilage is found in intervertebral disks?

Answer 44

Fibrocartilage ## Footnote It is the toughest type of cartilage, useful for resisting compressive forces.

Question 45

What is the rounded end section of a long bone called?

Answer 45

Epiphysis ## Footnote The long section between the epiphyses is known as the diaphysis.

Question 46

What type of bone makes up about 75% of the weight of the skeleton?

Answer 46

Cortical Bone (Compact Bone) ## Footnote Composed of a series of concentric rings called osteons.

Question 47

What is the main function of Trabecular Bone?

Answer 47

Houses bone marrow ## Footnote It has greater vascularity and porosity compared to cortical bone.

Question 48

What characterizes Skeletal Muscle?

Answer 48

Voluntary control and striated appearance ## Footnote Contains large cells with multiple nuclei and important proteins like actin and myosin.

Question 49

Smooth Muscle is primarily found in which types of organs?

Answer 49

Hollow organs ## Footnote Such as the bladder, blood vessels, GI tract, and uterus.

Question 50

What is a unique feature of Cardiac Muscle cells?

Answer 50

Intercalated disks ## Footnote These junctions help in synchronizing heart contractions.

Question 51

Fill in the blank: The cytoplasm of muscle tissue contains two important proteins, _______ and Myosin.

Answer 51

Actin

Question 52

True or False: Cartilage is more rigid than muscle but less rigid than bone.

Answer 52

True

Question 53

What is the primary component of bone that provides strength?

Answer 53

Hydroxyapatite ## Footnote Composed of calcium and phosphate, making up about 70% of bone weight.

Question 54

What type of connective tissue is characterized by a meshwork of collagen fibres?

Answer 54

Dense Irregular Connective Tissue ## Footnote It provides strength in multiple directions.