Blood And Lymphoid tissue Histology (MODULE 5) Flashcards
Erythr/o
Red
Leuk/o
White
Hem/o
Blood
Thromb/o
Clot
Granul/o
Small grain/granule
Neutr/o
Neutral
Eosin/o
Red/orange dye
Bas/o
Base
Lymph/o
Lymph
Aden/o
Gland
Splen/o
Spleen
Tonsill/o
Tonsils
Theli/o
Covering surface
Reticul/o
Network
Medull/o
Inner region
Cortic/o
Outer layer
Phag/o
Eat
-globin
Protein
-Phil
Attracted to
-oid
Resembling
-megaly
Enlarged
-ectomy
Excision/removal
-ary
Pertaining to
-osis
Condition
State the general composition of blood plasma.
Identify and state the functions of the different cellular components of blood
Plasma is composed of what three components?
(55% of whole blood)
You do not need to know specific numbers just have general idea
Water (92%)
Proteins (7%) - Albumins 58%, Gobulins 37%, fibrinogen 4%, regulatory proteins <1%.
Other solutes 1% (electrolytes; nutrients; respiratory gases; waste products)
How many erythrocytes (44% of whole load) per cubic mm?
4.2-6.2 million per cubic mm
What components make up the Buffy coat? (<1% of whole blood)
Platelets
150-400 thousand per cubic mm
Leukocytes (4.5-11 thousand per cubic mm)
Neutrophils 50%-70%
Lymphocytes 20%-40%
Monocytes 2%-8%
Eosinophils 1%-4%
Basophils 0.5%-1%
Basophils have a short lifespan of 4 days.
True
False
F
Blood does not have a fibrous component because it is fluid in nature.
True
False
F
Eosinophils are good at attacking worms/ parasites infecting the body.
True
False
T
Hematocrit refers to the % total cells in the Blood.
True
False
F
Just RBCs
Plasma is the matrix of the Blood tissue.
True
False
T
RBCs are the most common type of blood cell.
True
False
T
Serum is the same as plasma of the blood.
True
False
F
Transferrin protein binds to Fe in the blood and transports it.
True
False
T
All lymphocytes in the bone marrow are B lymphocytes.
True
False
F
Bone marrow is a primary lymphoid tissue.
True
False
T
Central arterioles of the spleen are the location for blood filtering and macrophage-led pathogen elimination.
True
False
F
The red pulp of the spleen
Germinal centers are rich in immature B lymphocytes.
True
False
T
Hassall’s corpuscles are made of old keratinized epithelial reticular cells.
True
False
T
Innate immune system is considered to be more primitive in its origin.
True
False
T
Lymph nodes do not contain T lymphocytes.
True
False
F
Lymph nodes take part in the antigen-dependent maturation of B lymphocytes.
True
False
T
MALT is also found in the respiratory tract.
True
False
T
Neutrophils and natural killer cells are a part of the adaptive immunity.
True
False
F
Thymic reticular cells secrete hormones that support the development of T lymphocytes.
True
False
T
Thymus increases in size with aging throughout life.
True
False
F
Decreases with aging
Waldeyers ring is a type of lymphoid tissue.
True
False
T
Regarding Blood O2 content in each type of BV: where would you see O2 levels drop?
Capillaries
The Buffy coat of a center fuse sample is composed 6 components. What are the five leukocytes in this composition?
Neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes
Blood have cells and a matrix
T or f
T
About 44% of blood is erythrocytes
T or F
T
T or F
Platelets have a nucleous
F
They have a membrane, little cytoplasmic material, but NO nucleolus because they are not a true cell
The Buffy coat is composed of what two main components that help form blood clots?
Platelets and leukocytes
What’s another name for platelets ?
Thrombocytes
T or F
Matrix of the blood is plasma
T
T or F
Plasma is nothing but the matrix of the blood
T
How is serum different from matrix?
Plasma - fibrinogen (protein component of plasma) = serum
Fibrinogen is the fiber of the matrix.
Serum = Ground substance
What is the fibrous component of the blood?
Fibrinogen/Fibrin
What is the serum of the blood?
Water
Plasma - fibrinogen = serum and that includes water, ions, nutrients, electrolytes, gases, etc.
What is the matrix of the blood?
Plasma
Name the cellular components of blood and their divisions:
Erythrocytes/ RBC
Leukocytes/ WBC
- granulocyrtes
- agranulocytes
Thrombocytes/platelets
What are granuloctes?
What are Agranulocytes?
Granules are found in granulocytes which carry a lot of the enzymes that are helpful in carrying out the function of the cell. These granules are filled with enzymes and other substances that help fight infections and inflammation
These are white blood cells that do not have visible granules in their cytoplasm. They are also essential to the immune system but have different functions compared to granulocytes.
In summary:
—-> Granulocytes have granules in their cytoplasm (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils).
Agranulocytes do not have visible granules (lymphocytes, monocytes).
RBC make up what percentage of the blood?
44%
Leukocytes and Thrombocytes make up what percentage of the blood?
1%
T or F
RBC are Biconvex
F
RBC are biconcave shape. This allows them to fit through smaller spaces like the capillaries.
Name aspects associated with RBC.
- Biconcave shape
- No organelles
- Carry hemoglobin
- Comprise of 44% of blood - HEMATOCRIT
- Originate from hemotopoietic stem cells in red bone marrow
What is the life span of RBC in the bloodstream?
120 days
What organ filters old RBC?
A. Heart.
B. Liver
C. Spleen
D. Small intestine
C
What aspect of RBC will affect spleen formation?
The shape of the RBC
What is hematocrit?
Percent of RBC in the blood volume.
RBC originate where?
Red bone marrow
Clinical correlates:
What is Reticulogytosis?
Blood loss anemia overview?
Reticulocytosis is a condition characterized by an increased number of reticulocytes. Reticulocytes are immature red blood cells that are produced in the bone marrow and released into the bloodstream. They still contain some RNA and organelles, which will be gradually removed as they mature into fully functional erythrocytes (RBCs)
*Reticulocytes takes about 7 days in the bone marrow to turn into a ertythrocyte.
Blood loss anemia usually increases erythropoietin production, which in turn causes
the bone marrow to produce more red blood cells, resulting in a reticulocyte
percentage of above 4% to 5%.
Hemoglobin is what type of protein? What makes up this unit? What molecule is within this structure?
Globulin protein = found in blood plasma
2 Beta chain
2 Alpha chain
*Fe2+ (Iron)
How many hemes are there per hemoglobin?
4
What is anemia? What can cause this?
- Lower than normal level of healthy RBCs • Tissues are unable to get sufficient O2 • Lethargy, fatigue, shortness of breath, heart palpitations – are the symptoms
Heavy periods, child birth, not proper iron intake.
Name aspects of WBC.
- WBCs make up only 1-2% of the total blood
components • All have surface receptors for endothelial
cells • Granulocytes and Agranulocytes • Granulocytes- Neutrophils, eosinophils and
basophils • Agranulocytes- Monocytes and
Lymphocytes
T or F
RBC are terminal cells
T
They no not undergo cell divison
What is the most common type of leukocyte?
Neutrophils
Neutrophils contains granules filled with _____ enzymes.
Lytic
Explain aspects associated with neutrophils.
Nucleus is 3-5 lobed- hence the cell is called • polymorphonuclear cell • Contains granules filled with lytic enzymes • Kills and phagocytoses bacteria
Explain aspects associated with eosinophils
- Bilobed nucleus-granules look pink after staining • After being made- enter tissues within 12hrs and spend
most time in tissues • Granules contain several different hydrolytic enzymes
Explain aspects associated with basophils
- Bilobed nucleus- granules look blue/purple after staining • Granules are large and often obscure the nucleus • Modulate inflammation by releasing histamine during
inflammation
Explain aspects assocaited with lymphocytes.
- Large nucleus
• Cells slightly bigger than RBCs
• 2 types: B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes
Eosinophils:
Granules contain several different _______ enzymes
Hydrolytic
review table of comparison in notes of granulocytes and agranulocytes
As well as: comparing basophils and mastocytes***
Lymphocytes are composed of b-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes. T-lymphocytes are composed of what?
Cytotoxic T cells that kill infected cells with the assistance of helper T cells.
What are aspects associated with monocytes?
Largest of all WBCs
• Nucleus looks C or S shaped
• Precursors to macrophages
• Play major role in immune defense and tissue
repair
What agranulocytes is a precursor to macrophages?
Monocytes
What are platelets derived from?
- Platelets are derived from special cells in the bone
marrow called megakaryocytes
• Platelets are critical to the clotting process because they
produce the platelet plug that initially fills the puncture
in the injured vessel wall
What is hemolytic anemia?
Mostly genetic - thalassemia or sickle cell anemia - sickle cell anemia is cause by a homozygous mutation causing an amino acid substitution in the hemoglobin molecule, which renders the mature RBCs deformed and slightly rigid and can lead to capillary blockage.
What is erthrocytosis? Associated with RBCs
Elevated levels of RBs in blood as an adaptation to low O2 levels in people living in higher geographical elevation 0 this can be life threatening as it put more pressure on the heart
What are enzyme filled granules/vesicles called?
Lysosomes
What would happen if neutrophils lose their ability to bind to the endothelial cells?
Will not be able to leak past the endothelium - unable to enter the tissue/site of infection - individual experiences more bacterial infections - body’s inherent ability to fight bac. Infection decreases - this is some what compensated by the macrophage and other leukocytes. — condition is usually genetic
___________ and mast cells can degranulate upon finding antigens in their surrounding.
Basophils
T or F
T cells mature in the thymus
T
T or F
B-lymphocytes mature into plasma cells which produces immunglobins
T
immunoglobins (antibodies)
look at chart of cells in additional notes
What are the two main lines of defense in the immune system? What components make up these lines of defense?
Two main lines of defense :
*Innate immune system-
• Initial and immediate response • Non-specific in action
• Skin (impenetrable barrier)
• Mucosal membranes of GI tract, respiratory tract, UG tract
• Antibacterial substances (ex: lysozyme)
• Acidic environment (ex: gastric pH, vaginal pH)
• Eliminate pathogenic bacteria, fungi, parasites, even potentially tumorigenic
cells
• Neutrophils, macrophages, natural killer cells
• No immunological memory
*Adaptive immune system-
• Slower in response
• Builds gradually with exposure to microorganisms
• More specific to its target, but very diverse in its range of targets
• Ability to distinguish self from non-self
• Has immunological memory
• Components: B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes
Look at pie chart comparison of neutrophils and macrophages
T or F
Adaptive immune system has a quick response
F
Slower in response to
T or F
Adaptive immune systems gradually build up an immunity with exposure to microorganisms
T
What are the components of the adaptive immune system?
What actions do they take?
B-lymphocytes: secrete antibodies; antibodies bind to antigens-neutralize them and promote phagocytosis
T-lymphocytes: Help B cells make antibodies; activate phagocytes; kill infected cells and stop spread of infection
T or F
Plasma cells are mature B-lymphocytes that can secrete antibodies
T
T or F
T-lymphocytes go to the thymus straight from the bone marrow
T
This is where they undergo proliferation and maturation
Describe the mutation and traveling process of B and T lymphocytes..
B and T lymphocytes both originate in the bone marrow
Maturation process of B cells: Originate and undergo initial antigen independent maturation process in the bone marrow, migrate to secondary lymphoid tissue for antigen dependent maturation process. B cells are also called as plasma cells- they produce antibodies.
Maturation process of T cells: Bon in the bone-marrow → migrate to the thymus their they are called thymocytes) → proliferation and maturation in thymus. Mature T cells will leave thymus → populate secondary lymph tissues or re-circulate in the blood
What are the primary lymphoid tissue and Secondary lymphoid Tissues?
PLT - Bone marrow and thymus
SLT - lymph nodes; spleen; MALT (Tonsils, Adenoids, Peter’s patches and Lymph aggregates)
MALT = mucosa associated lymphoid tissue
T or F
There are 20% B-lymphocytes found in Thymus
F
Only 100% T-lymphocytes… 0 B-L
T or F
The distribution of T-lymphocytes is 10% and B-lymphocytes is 90% in the bone marrow
T
Lymphoid tissue is composed of _______ connective tissue filled with large numbers of lymphocytes.
Reticular
Made up of collagen type III
Look at tissues and be able to identify the tissue types from slides 29-58*
Overview of Bone Marrow:
- Major hematopoietic organ • Highly cellular tissue- produces all types of blood cells
• Contains sinusoids, adipose cells, reticular conn. tissue, hematopoietic stem cells
Overview of Thymus:
Thymic epithelial cells (TEC): mechanical support framework, secrete hormones Thymus is most active during childhood, reaches a weight of about 30-40 g at puberty after which it undergoes slow involution
Development of bone marrow derived T cell precursors into mature T cells • Secretion of hormones and cytokines that regulate T cell maturation, proliferation,
and function within the thymus and peripheral lymphoid tissues (thymulin,
thymopoietin, and various
H - Hassall’s corpuscles
• Made of TECs
• Mediate central tolerance
in the thymus
What function do thyroid epithelial cells (TEC) have?
Mechanical support framework, secrete hormones
T or F
The younger you are the larger your thymus
T
Undergoes slow involution overtime
What is the function of the thymus?
Development of bone marrow derived T cell precursors into mature T cells • Secretion of hormones and cytokines that regulate T cell maturation, proliferation,
and function within the thymus and peripheral lymphoid tissues (thymulin,
thymopoietin, and various thymosins)
The cortex of the thymus gland has a high levels of __ - _______ in cortex.
T-lymphocytes
Because they pick up more blue stain
The medulla has ____ levels of T-lymphocytes
Low
The development of bone marrow derived T cell precursors into ______ _ ______.
Mature T cells
What cells secrete hormone in the thymus?
Thymus epithelial cells
High numbers of hassall’ corpuscles indicates ?
What is this structure made up of?
High levels of degradation of the entire tissue
These are made up of thymic epithelial cells. Numbers of these increase with age.
look at ppt notes for slide 35 and make NC
What is central tolerance ?
A process where the thymus makes sure that as the T cells mature, they are not leaving the thymus.
The lymph arrives to what general structure of the lymph node first?
Subscapularis sinus
The medulla is?
The paracortex?
The cortex?
The center.
Middle/Inbetween
Outer
The lymph’s first structural entry point is?
The cortex
B-lymphocytes are found mostly in the __________ nodule.
Lymphatic nodule
After the B-lymphocytes finish there antigen independent maturation (first step). They?
Second stage (antigen dependent maturation), go into blood stream
Developing B-lymphocytes are found where?
Germinal center
The developed B-lymphocytes are found where?
Lymphatic nodule
T or F
The paracortex contains the devloped T-lymphocytes
T
The macrophages are located within what lymph node structure?
Macrophages
Describe characteristics of lymph nodes:
- Ovoid organs •Capsule – connective tissue •Afferent lymphatic vessels, efferent
lymphatic vessel
•Lymph nodes can get enlarged during
infections due to high number of lymphocytes
•Each node acts like a filter to trap any
microbes and antigens that are brought by the afferent lymph vessels
•Artery and vein enter and exit through the hilum
practice labeling on slides 40-41 in notes
What are the functions of the spleen?
Functions:
• Immunological responses against blood-borne antigens • Removal of particulate matter and aged/ defective blood cells
Name and describe the structures of the spleen.
Capsule- smooth muscle, fibroblasts, collagen and elastin Trabeculae penetrate the splenic parenchyma
White pulp- lymphoid tissue of the spleen Red pulp- made of wide vascular spaces called sinusoids that are lined by endothelial cells+ splenic cords (cords of Billroth)
An arteriole is ________ than a capillary, but _______ than an artery.
Larger
Smaller
The central arteriole divides into what?
Penicillar arterioles
look at ppt notes on slide 44 of splenic circulation
- trabecular artery -ventral arterial - germinal center - sheath (macrophages) - penicillar arterioles
The Trabecular artery divides into the central arterial. The central arterial passes through the germinal center. The white part in it passes through the white bulk. Eventually divides into penicillin arterials once it is in the red pulp. The older blood cells that have to be eliminated are taken up by the sheath macrophages.
T or F
Only B-lymphocytes are present in the white blood
F
Both type of lymphocytes are present in the white blood
What does PALS refer to?
Periarteriolar lymphoid sheath (PALS) (Mostly T cells).. Surrounding the central arterial.
- this is an area where you have a high population of T-cells
T or F
High numbers of B cells are found in the white pulp
T
Overview of MALT. What does it stand for?
MALT- Mucosa associated lymphoid tissue
- Populations of immune cells scattered in the mucosa of many epithelial tissues
• Organized in lymphoid follicles- tonsils (palatine, lingual and pharyngeal), appendix and
Peyer’s patches of the ileum
• Specialize in antigen collection by dendritic cells in the mucosa
lood at ppt notes of slide 50
What is waldeyer’s ring? And what is it made up of?
It’s a ring like arrangement of the tonsils, which is essentially the lymphoid tissue.
Palatine tonsil overview:
- Surface covered by stratified squamous epithelium,
crypts present
• Numerous lymphoid follicles (F), each with
germinal centers
• Collagenous capsule - Part of the Waldeyer’s ring
• Encounters antigens passed on through
transcytosis
What is transcytosis?
Part of the tonsil that allows something to pass between cells
What are the four types of tonsils?
- Palatine
- Lingual
- Adenoids (pharyngeal tonsils)
- Tubal
Describe the four types of tonsils.
- Palatine Tonsils: These are the most commonly referred to as “tonsils” and are located on either side of the back of the throat.
- Pharyngeal Tonsils (Adenoids): Located in the upper part of the throat, behind the nose, they are often removed if they become enlarged and cause breathing or ear problems, especially in children.
- Lingual Tonsils: Found at the base of the tongue, these tonsils help protect against infections entering the body through the mouth.
Stratified squamous epithelium • Lymphoid tissue- containing lymphoid follicles • Crypts penetrate the lingual tonsil
- Tubal Tonsils: These are located near the openings of the Eustachian tubes in the back of the nasal cavity and help protect against infections in the middle ear.
Peyer’s Patch (in small intestine) entails what?
Peyer’s patches are clusters of lymphoid tissue found in the walls of the small intestine, primarily in the ileum (the last part of the small intestine). They are part of the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) system and play a crucial role in the immune system by monitoring and responding to potential pathogens in the digestive tract.
*are lymphoid nodules
What is the function of peyer’s patches?
** look at PPT slides 57-58**
