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BIOSCI 107 PART 2 > Blood and Immune - Blood Composition and Function > Flashcards

Blood and Immune - Blood Composition and Function Flashcards

1
Q

How much blood does the average person have?

A

5L

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2
Q

What is the volume of blood that circulates through the heart every 24 hours?

A

14,000 L

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3
Q

How many chambers are there in the heart and what are they called?

A

4
Left and right ventricle
Left and right atrium

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4
Q

What part of the heart brings blood to the lungs?

A

The pulmonary artery

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5
Q

What brings blood from the lung to the heart?

A

The pulmonary vein

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6
Q

What are arteries made of?

A

Muscular capillaries with elastic vessel walls that contain an abundance of smooth muscle.
This smooth muscle allows the artery to expand and constrict through an involuntary movement

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7
Q

Is blood pressure higher in veins or arteries?

A

Arteries

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8
Q

Why is venous blood pressure lower than arterial?

A

Because veins are not elastic

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9
Q

What is the functions of the valves in veins?

A

To prevent back flow

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10
Q

What is systolic blood pressure?

A

Highest blood pressure attained in arteries
Blood is at full compression
The left ventricle is squeezed at its tightest and the artery walls are expanded at their greatest

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11
Q

What is the purpose of blood?

A

Blood provides a one-way pressurised system for the transport of oxygen, proteins glucose, lipids and essential ions required for normal cell function.

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12
Q

What is normal blood pressure?

A

120/80

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13
Q

What does the 120 in blood pressure mean?

A

Your systolic blood pressure in millimetres of mercury (120mm up the tube measuring blood pressure)

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14
Q

What is diastolic blood pressure?

A

When blood pressure is at its lowest

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15
Q

What does the 80 in blood pressure mean?

A

Diastolic blood pressure

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16
Q

What is hypertension?

A

high blood pressure

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17
Q

What causes hypertension?

A

Arteries are not expanding and contracting effectively (hardened, blocked or disease) which reduces flow and resulting in unwanted coagulation

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18
Q

What is a high blood pressure

A

above 140-150

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19
Q

What is the result of low blood pressure?

A

not enough blood going through arteries to supply tissues with blood

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20
Q

Common symptom of low blood pressure

A

fainting

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21
Q

What is needed to retain blood pressure?

A

Blood volume

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22
Q

What loss of blood is fatal?

A

over 20% because pressure and flow is impaired and the result is tissue starved of O2

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23
Q

Why do we need blood pressure?

A

to ensure even and efficient blood flow through small capillaries, low enough to prevent capillary leakage but high enough to avoid coagulation.

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24
Q

Main components of blood

A

Cells, proteins, lipids, electrolytes, vitamins and hormones, glucose

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25
Q

Where do myeloid and lymphoid cells come from?

A

multipotential stem cells

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26
Q

What are the two types of lymphoid cells?

A

B and T cells

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27
Q

Where do B lymphocytes come from?

A

Bone marrow

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28
Q

What is the function of B lymphocytes?

A

They have antibodies/immunoglobulins that give adaptive immunity

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29
Q

Where do T lymphocytes mature?

A

In the thymus

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30
Q

What are the 3 main cells in blood?

A

Erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes

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31
Q

What is the function of Erythrocytes

A

to transport oxygen to tissue

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32
Q

How many Erythrocytes in the body?

A

5-6 million/ml

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33
Q

What is the shape of a Erythrocyte?

A

It is a flat disc that has no nucleus

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34
Q

What is the main protein in Erythrocytes?

A

Haemoglobin

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35
Q

What is the main function of leukocytes

A

immune defence

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36
Q

What is the most common leukocyte

A

Neutrophil

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37
Q

How many leukocytes are in the body

A

10,000/mL

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38
Q

What is the function of neutrophils?

A

respond immediately to microbial challenge like an infection, migrate quickly from capillary tissue to the site of infection, engulf the organism

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39
Q

What is the function of thrombocytes?

A

Coagulation and tissue repair

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40
Q

How many thrombocytes are in the blood?

A

400,000/ml

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41
Q

What is the size of thrombocytes

A

1/20th of a leukocyte

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42
Q

what do thrombocytes do when an injury occurs?

A

platelets link together as a part of the blood clot to block off wound to prevent leakage of blood or fluid from damaged tissue

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43
Q

What are the major proteins in blood?

A

Albumin, haemoglobin, fibrinogen, immunoglobulins

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44
Q

How much of blood protein is albumin?

A

50%

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45
Q

What is the function of Albumin

A

Maintains colloidal osmotic pressure and hyponeiticity, Binds and transports many small molecules, hormones.

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46
Q

How does Albumin maintain osmotic pressure?

A

It acts as a “Protein sponge” that absorbs fluid in blood and allows fluid to be balanced

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47
Q

What is the function of haemoglobin

A

to carry oxygen from heart to other tissues in red blood cells

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48
Q

How much of blood is fibrinogen?

A

7% of total blood proteins

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49
Q

What is the function of fibrinogen?

A

It is cleaved in coagulation cascade to form fibrin molecules which link to form a clot (prevent tissue leakage)

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50
Q

What are lipids bound in?

A

Lipoproteins

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51
Q

What are the main types of lipids?

A

LDL, HDL, VLDL

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52
Q

Which lipid is bad for you?

A

LDL

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53
Q

Why is LDL (lipid) bad for you?

A

LDL = low density lipid

If levels of LDL’s increase, it means that a build-up of cholesterol can build up in your arteries = heart attack

54
Q

What are the major electrolytes in the blood?

A

HCO3 -, Na+, Cl-, Ca++, Mg++, K+, creatine, creatinine

55
Q

What electrolyte is the most tightly regulated and why?

A

Potassium (K) because it regulates a lot of cellular functions like nerve potential and heart muscle activity

56
Q

What is the normal blood ph?

A

7.4

57
Q

How much variance can occur above/below blood pH before severe stress can occur?

A

0.2

58
Q

What is acidosis?

A

blood is more acidic (pH decreases)

59
Q

What is alkalosis

A

blood is more basic (pH increases)

60
Q

What are Immunoglobulins ?

A

antibodies

61
Q

What do Immunoglobulins do

A

Provide a diverse repertoire of antigen binding proteins

62
Q

What is complement?

A

Proteins that “coat” bacteria targeting them for phagocytosis

63
Q

What is the major complement component?

A

C3

64
Q

What is opsonisation?

A

Irreversible coating of bacteria with complement so that phagocytes are attracted and can bind them.

65
Q

What are first cells that go to site of infection due to complement?

A

Neutrophils

66
Q

How many complement proteins are there?

A

9

67
Q

Number of coagulation factors

A

13

68
Q

What happens in a coagulation cascade?

A

13 proteins cleaved in an ordered cascade resulting in cleavage of fibrinogen -> fibrin (forms clot)

69
Q

What electrolyte is essential to coagulation?

A

Ca+

70
Q

What is the most common form of haemophilia?

A

Factor VIII (8) deficiency

71
Q

What is haemophilia

A

Haemophiliacs blot does not clot (they can bleed to death from vascular leakage)

72
Q

What is the function of electrolytes?

A

Isotonicity and buffering

73
Q

What is centrifugation?

A

technique used to separate blood into its different components

74
Q

What is added to blood before centrifugation what is its purpose?

A

An anticoagulant to stop blood clotting

75
Q

Example of a anticoagulant?

A

Heparin

76
Q

How many layers result from centrifugation?

A

3

77
Q

What is the top layer of a centrifuge?

A

The plasma layer

78
Q

What % is the plasma layer in a centrifuge

A

55%

79
Q

What is the plasma layer?

A

Blood with fibrinogen present (ie has not clotted yet)

80
Q

What is contained in the plasma layer?

A

Soluble proteins, lipids and platelets

81
Q

What is the middle layer of a centrifuge?

A

The buffy coat

82
Q

What is the buffy coat?

A

Layer of white cells

83
Q

What is in the buffy coat?

A

Lymphocytes, myeloid and leukocytes

84
Q

What is the bottom layer of the centrifuge?

A

Packed red cells

85
Q

What % is the packed red cells

A

45%

86
Q

What is anemia

A

You don’t make enough red blood cells

87
Q

Symptoms of anemia

A

Difficulty breathing, become tired

88
Q

What causes Cerebral Edema

A

Making too many red blood cells (happens normally by being at high altitudes, blood becomes viscous lead)

89
Q

What is plasma

A

The viscous liquid fraction of un-coagulated blood without cells

90
Q

What is contained in plasma

A

Fibrinogen (removed with coagulation)

91
Q

Why can’t plasma be electorpheresed?

A

Fibrinogen causes problems

92
Q

What is serum?

A

Less viscous yellow liquid remaining after the removal of the clot

93
Q

What is serum electrophoresis?

A

Separating blood using an electric field

94
Q

What are the five major protein fractions of serum electrophoresis

A

albumin, α1, α2, β and γ

95
Q

What % of serum electrophoresis is albumin

A

50%

96
Q

What % of serum electrophoresis is globulin? (albumin, α1, α2, β and γ)

A

40%

97
Q

What is the γ fraction?

A

Where anti-bodes/immunoglobulins reside

98
Q

is γ fraction + or -

A

Positively charged

So they migrate towards the negative electrode on serum electrophoresis

99
Q

What is multiple myeloma?

A

A type of leukaemia

Aberrant B cell present and is producing antibodies in high amounts

100
Q

Where do myeloma cells reside?

A

In bone marrow

101
Q

Where do blood cells come from?

A

A single multipotent stem cell in bone marrow

102
Q

Are multipotent stem cells rare?

A

yes

103
Q

What do multipotent stem cells do?

A

differentiate into any other mature hematopoietic cells in the body

104
Q

What surface antigen is on multipotential Hematopoietic stem cells

A

CD34

105
Q

What do CD34 HSC divide into?

A

Myeloid and lymphoid progenitors

106
Q

What does the myeloid progenitor divide into?

A

Other myeloid cell types

Consist of erythrocytes, thrombocytes, mast cells, myeloblasts, leukocytes

107
Q

What does the lymphoid progenitor divide into?

A

Natural killer cells

Large lymphocytes, small lymphocytes which makes T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes (ie forms plasma cells)

108
Q

What factors drive haematopoiesis?

A

GM-CSF, EPO and G-CSF

109
Q

What produces GM-CSF

A

Macrophages, T-cells, endothelial cells and fibroblasts

110
Q

What does GM-CSF stimulate?

A

Production of neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils and monocytes

111
Q

What is the function of the GM-CSF factor?

A

Stimulate the myeloid lineage

112
Q

How does GM-CSF factor work?

A

Receptors on the myeloid progenitor cells binds to GM-CSF which stimulates cells to differentiate further into myeloid cells

113
Q

What produces EPO

A 
Kidney = adulthood 
Liver = perinatal
114
Q

What is the function of EPO

A

Signal production of Red Blood Cells

115
Q

What type of factor is used in blood transplants?

A

EPO

116
Q

What type of factor is the target of drug testing?

A

EPO

117
Q

What does GM-CSF stand for

A

Granulocyte Macrophage Colony Stimulating factor

118
Q

What does G-CSF stand for

A

Granulocyte Colony Stimulating Factor

119
Q

What is the function of G-CSF

A

Stimulate production of granulocytes but also acts to mature neutrophils

120
Q

What is the function of the lung in oxygen and transport exchange?

A

Provides a vast surface area for blood and consist of the alveoli for efficient exchange of O2 and CO2

121
Q

Colour of blood in venous system

A

Dark red (lacks oxygen)

122
Q

Colour of pulmonary blood

A

Bright red (spurts out due to pressure)

123
Q

How much of your total blood volume is red blood cells?

A

45%

124
Q

How much of your red blood cells dry weight is haemoglobin?

A

96%

125
Q

What carries oxygen in red blood cells?

A

Protein haemoglobin

126
Q

How many lobes are in a haemoglobin

A

4

127
Q

What is contained in each lobe of a haemoglobin protein

A

A heme molecule

128
Q

What is contained in each heme in a haemoglobin protein

A

An iron atom, ferrous form, Fe2+

129
Q

What regulates the association and dissociation of O2 from heme

A

Partial pressure of O2

O2 readily associates in the lungs, dissociates in the tissues

130
Q

Partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli of the lungs

A

100mm Hg

131
Q

Partial pressure of CO2 in the alveoli of the lungs

A

35mm Hg

BIOSCI 107 PART 2 (5 decks)

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