Blood and immune Flashcards
The average person has how many litres of blood?
5L
_____L of blood circulates through your heart every ___ hr.
14,000L circulates through your heart every 24 hr.
Large vessels -
Small vessels -
Large vessels - High volume/low flow.
Small vessels - Low volume/high flow.
Vast network of tiny capillaries
requires quite high pressures to force blood through
What do muscular arteries and valves provide?
Muscular arteries and valves provide pressurized directional flow from lungs to tissue and organs
what do blood pressure ensure?
- Even and efficient flow through the small capillaries.
2. Low enough to prevent capillary leakage but high enough to avoid coagulation.
Major components of blood (6 and examples)
- Cells –erythroid, myeloid, and lymphoid.
- Proteins – albumin, haemoglobin, fibrinogen,
immunoglobulins are the major plus many others. - Lipids bound in lipoproteins HDL, LDL, VLDL
- Electrolytes, salts, and minerals (HCO3-, Na+, Cl-,
Ca++, Mg++, K+, creatine, creatinine). - Vitamins, hormones.
- Glucose.
Centrifugation of blood (with anti-coagulant)
Plasma (55%)
Red blood cells (45%)
Buffy coat composed of white blood cells and platelets
Blood cells (3)
Erythrocytes: Oxygen transport ~5-6 million/ml
Leukocytes: Immune defense ~10,000/ml
Platelets: Coagulation and tissue repair ~400,000/ml
Blood proteins - separation (3)
PLASMA- The viscous liquid fraction of blood without cells. Contains fibrinogen that is removed with
coagulation
SERUM- Less viscous yellow liquid remaining after removal of the clot.
SERUM ELECTROPHORESIS-
Serum proteins exposed to an electric field
separates into 5 distinct bands.
1. Albumin ~ 50% of total
2. Globulin ~ 40% of total
• α1, α2, β, γ (immunoglobulins)
what is multiple myeloma?
Multiple myeloma is a form of leukaemia where a malignant lymphocyte produces monoclonal Ig. Serum electrophoresis is used to diagnose this condition
Major blood proteins
- Albumin constitutes 50% of total blood
protein. Maintains colloidal osmotic pressure.
Binds and transports many small molecules,
hormones. - Fibrinogen constitutes 7% of the total blood
protein. Activated through the coagulation
cascade to form cross-linked fibrin.
Major blood components (section 2)
Immunoglobulins – Antibodies. Diverse repertoire of antigen binding proteins – produced by B lymphocytes
Complement - 9 proteins that “coat” bacteria targeting them for phagocytosis. C3 is the major component. Opsonisation.
Coagulation factors - 13 proteins cleaved in an ordered cascade resulting in fibrinogen -> fibrin. Ca++ is essential to coagulation. Haemophilia’s result from a missing component. Factor VIII deficiency is the commonest form of haemophilia.
Electrolytes- Isotonicity and buffering. Blood pH is very tightly maintained at 7.4. Free Ca++ and K+ - also tightly maintained critical for regulation of cell membrane channels, ion pumps and normal nerve
and muscle function such as heart.
Adaptive immunity involves what?
small lymphocyte
T/B lymphocyte
Plasma cell
innate immunity involves what?
Basophil neutrophil eosinophil monocyte macrophage
Three important factors that drive hematopoiesis ( the production of all of the cellular components of blood and blood plasma)
-Granulocyte macrophage
colony-stimulating factor
-Erythropoietin
-Granulocyte colony-stimulating
factor
GM-CSF
Granulocyte macrophage
colony-stimulating factor
Produced by macrophages, T
cells, endothelial cells and
fibroblasts.
Stimulates production of
neutrophils, eosinophils,
basophils and monocytes.
Erythropoietin
Drives production of
erythrocytes
Produced mainly by the
kidney during adulthood and
liver in perinatal.
