Blood and Hemopoiesis Flashcards
Hemopoiesis definition
Formation of Blood cells
What produces a blood clot and what fluid remains after clotting?
If blood leaves the vasculature, plasma proteins undergo a chain reaction which produces a blood clot. After clotting, fluid which remains is called serum.
% blood volume of erythrocytes, plasma, and buffy coat
45% erythrocytes, 55% plasma, 1% buffy coat
Major plasma proteins
albumin: made in liver maints osmotic pressure of blood
a- and B-globulins - made by liver, etc. transferrin and other transport factors, fibronectin, prothrombin and other coagulation factors, lipoproteins, etc.
y-globulins - immunoglobulins secreted by plasma cells
fibrinogen - made in the liver, polymerizes during clotting to form the insoluble protein fibrin
complement proteins: factors involved in inflammation and destruction of pathogens
comparison of serum and plasma
serum: liquid that remains after blood has clotted
plasma: liquid that remains when clotting is prevented
oxyhemoglobin, carbaminohemoglobin, carboxyhemoglobin
oxyhemoglobin = hemoglobin bound to o2
carbaminohemoglobin = hemoglobin bound to CO2.
carboxyhemoglobin = hemoglobin bound to carbon monoxide
leukocytes. What they are known as, two groups associated with…
AKA white blood cells, WBCs.
become active after leaving blood stream, involved in immunity.
divided into two groups: granulocytes (those with specific granules in cytoplasm) and agranulocytes (those lacking specific granules)
Granulocytes. possess what… , characteristics, what it consists of…
possess azurophilic granules and specific granules. (azurophilic stain azure dyes and specific stain neutral basic or acidic stains)
have poorly developed golgi and rER, few mitochondria
Type of leukocyte. Consists of neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils.
Neutrophils
most abundant leukocyte. In females, inactive X chromosome appears as Barr body. typically first immune cells to arrive at site of infection.
Stain pale pink
Major functions: kill and phagocytose bacteria
eosinophils
destroy parasitic worms (helminths), remove antigen-antibody complexes from interstitial fluid. Modulate inflammatory responses.
Major functions: Kill helminthic and other parasites; modulate local inflammation
Basophils
stain purple, two lobe nucleus. Granules contain heparin, sulfated GAGs, histamine.
same function as mast cells. pretty much no difference. Have surface receptors for IgE.
Major functions: Modulate inflammation, release histamine during allergy
Lymphocytes
Type of agranulocyte. Most abundant one in blood. B cells, T cells, natural killer cells
Lymphocytes participate in various immune functions
Major function: Effector and regulatory cells for adaptive immunity
Monocytes
Thought to be precursors of macrophages, microglia, osteoclasts, and other mononuclear phagocytic system (MPS) cells. Derivative cells typically have antigen-presenting function.
Largest of circulating leukocytes.
Large indented or C-shaped nucleus, basophilic cytoplasm with azurophilic granules.
Major function: Precursor of macrophages and other mononuclear phagocytic cells.
Platelets. AKA ____. What are they? What do they do? Made of what two distinct parts?
AKA thrombocytes.
Small non-nucleated membrane-bound fragments of megakaryocytes (these never leave the bone marrow)
Promote blood-clotting, help repair minor tears / leaks. 10 day lifespan. very abundant.
2 distinct parts: hyalomere - pale peripheral zone
granulomere - darker staining central zone containing granules.
Development of each type of blood cell follows specific lineage:
erythropoiesis is the development of erythrocytes
granulopoiesis is the development of neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils
monocytopoiesis is the development of monocytes
thrombocytopoiesis is the development of platelets
lymphopoiesis is the development of lymphocytes
