Blood and Cardiovascular Flashcards
What are the functions of the cardiovascular system?
Transport gases, nutrients and regulatory molecules
What are the two parts of homeostasis?
Thermoregulation and pH regulation
How does the cardiovascular system aid in protection?
Via coagulation for vascular integrity and transport of immune cells.
What are some of the characteristics of an erythrocyte (RBC)?
Transports O2
No organelles
Mainly contains hemaglobin
Spleen removes them
Last 4 months
Label the parts
Label the parts
What are the 5 types of Leukocytes?
Neutrophil: Contains specific granules
Eosinophils: Contains specific granules
Basophils: Contains specific granules
Lymphocytes: No specific granules
Monocytes: no specific granules
What is this and what does it do?
This is a neutrophil and it:
Is the most common leukocytes
Functions - migration to sites of inflammation, phagocytosis of bacteria, exocytosis of enzymes that attack microorganisms, results in formation of pus (dead neutrophils and cell debris)
Life span: 12-14 hours
What is this and what does it do?
This is an eosinophil and it:
Functions - migration to sites of infection and release of cytotoxins that combat parasites (protozoa, helminths), migration to sites of allergic inflammation, phagocytosis and endocytosis of antigen-antibody complexes
What is this and what does it do?
This is a basophil and like mast cells it is:
Specific granules (basophilic) – histamine (increases vascular permeability), heparin (anticoagulant), heparan sulfate, chemotactic factors for other granulocytes
Functions - similar to mast cells, upon stimulation it releases preformed and newly synthesized secretory products that initiate, maintain, and control inflammation
What is this and what does it do?
This is a monocyte and it:
Circulates 12 to 96 hours, then enters CT and differentiates
Derivatives - macrophage (Kupffer cell in liver, alveolar macrophage in lung), osteoclast in bone marrow, Langerhans cell in skin (antigen presenting dendritic cell)
Can be considered a transient cell.
What is this and what does it do?
It is a lymphocyte and there are:
B lymphocyte - humoral immunity (~20-30%)
T lymphocyte - humoral and cell-mediated immunity (~60-80%)
Natural killer (NK) cell - cell-mediated immunity (~5-10%)
Agranulocyte - lysosomal acid hydrolases
Life span: many years
What is this and what does it do?
This is a platelet and it is responsible for clotting. It has no nucleus, but has mitochondria, and vesicles with clotting factors. Binds to the injured vessel wall. Lives about 10 days.
What are the various types of Hematopoietic stem cells and what are the characteristics?
- TotipotentCapable of giving rise to all cell types (e.g., blastomere)
- Pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell (HSC)Undifferentiated cell producing blood cells of all lineages, capable of self-renewal
- Multipotent HSCUndifferentiated cell producing cells of multiple lineages, limited self-renewal (e.g., myeloid SC, lymphoid SC)
- Unipotent Committed progenitorUndifferentiated cell capable of producing cells of one lineage, colony forming units (CFUs) (e.g., erythroid CFU, granulocyte-macrophage CFU)
Label the parts
What is this? What are the characteristics?
- Cardiac myocytes are short, thick, mono- or bi-nucleated cells that often branch.
- Striated muscle cells. Sarcomere structured identical to skeletal muscle.
- Cells are attached end-to-end by Intercalated Disks. These appear as particularly dark cross-striations in cardiac muscle (arrows).
- Myocytes are not individually innervated. No somatic motor innervation.
- Gap junctions allow for functional connection between myocytes. This causes cardiac myocytes to function as a syncytium.
Where are purkinje fibers located?
In the subendocardium
Compare and contrast the TT and SR of cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle?
- T-tubules of heart are much larger in diameter than skeletal muscle.
- T-tubules do not form triads with sarcoplasmic reticulum; but instead form Diads with the more sparse cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum.
- Cardiac T-tubules align with Z-lines, therefore number 1 per sarcomere (vs. 2 per sarcomere in skeletal muscle).
What are the parts of the arterial tunica interna?
Endothelium
Basemene Membrane
Internal elastic lamina
What are the parts of the venous tunica interna?
Endothelium
Basement Membrane
***No Elastic Lamina
What are the parts of the arterial tunica media?
Smooth muscle
External Elastic Lamina
What are the parts of the venous tunica interna?
Smooth Muscle
What are the parts of the arterial tunica adventitia?
Dense Irregular CT
Collagen Type I fibers
Vascular - only vascular layer.
Label the parts
What are the classification of arteries, examples and what do they do?
Elastic (Conducting) Arteries
Aorta, subclavian, pulmonary arteries, common iliac & carotid
Resistant to large pressure head
Elastic fibers allow stretching or “springiness” for pressure response
Collagen fibers limit degree of stretch permitted
Muscular (Distributing) Arteries (small to large)
Essentially all named arteries excluding elastic arteries; femoral, renal, brachial, radial, splenic, mesenteric, intercostal
Dampen oscillations
Artery wall is predominately T. media composed of smooth muscle
Arterioles
Thin walls (2-4 layers smooth muscle)
Regulate blood pressure
Label the parts
Which one is elastic and which one is muscular? How can you tell?
Elastic on left
Muscular on right
What are these? What are the characteristics?
These are arterioles and they:
Regulate flow to capillaries by vasodilation & vasoconstriction
Primary regulator of systemic blood pressure
Thickness of wall (1-4 smooth muscle layers) similar to diameter of lumen
Arteriole lumen diameter 10-100 µm
How would ACE inhibitors affect this picture and why?
Reduce blood pressure.
What is this and what are the characteristics?
It is a capillary and it is:
- The smallest vessels
- Smallest are wide enough for a single RBC
- Simple squamous epithelium with underlying basement membrane
- Site of gas and nutrient exchange
- Lumen diameter 4-10 µm.
What are the types of capillaries?
How are they distinguished?
Where are they found?
What is Diapedesis?
The process by which blood exits the blood vessel system.
Label the parts
How are LDL’s removed from the blood serum?
By endocytosis
What happens to blood LDL serum levels if the LDL receptor is disfunctional
This will not allow the LDL to move from the blood serum into the cell for degredation by lysosomes.
What is atherosclerosis?
LDL that are oxidized in the blood serum are attacked by macrophages that grow into foam cells that make up the arterial plaque that is indicative of atherosclerosis.
