Blood and Bone Marrow Flashcards
Monocyte
(Branch of Leukocyte)
- 3-8%
- Agranulocyte (mononuclear)
- Phagocytic (vacuoles)
- Big, indented, “C” shaped nuclei
- Low nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio
- Pale cytoplasmic staining
- More euchromatic (loose chromatin; active for transcription) than lymphocytes
- Can become macrophages, dendritic cells, microglia, osteoclasts and chondroclasts
- Inflammation & damage
Neutrophil
(Granulocytes & Polymorphonuclear)
- Most numerous of the leukocytes
- 60-70% in most species
- Granulocytes
- Segmented nucleus (3-5 lobes)
- mature cell
- Band nucleus
- immature cell
- 12 micron
- Medium nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio
- Heterochromatic
- Pale/light purple cytoplasm
- Small granules
- Lysosomes
- Bactericide
- Band cells - “U” or “C” shaped
- Phagocytotic - “First Responders”
- Bacterial infections
Eosinophil
(Granulocytes & Polymorphonuclear)
- 2-4% in most species
- Larger than neutrophils
- WBC
- Bi-lobed nucleus
- Medium nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio
- Mostly heterochromatic
- Distinguished by large red/orange granules of uniform size
- Parasitic infections
- Red b/c acidic
- 12 micron
Lymphocyte
(Branch of Leukocyte)
- 20-25%
- Agranulocyte (mono-nuclear)
- Very heterochromatic nucleus (dark purple)
- Big, round nucleus
- Large nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio
- Pale bule cytoplasm (thin layer)
- B-cells
- Make antibodies in response to antigens
- activated B-cells are bigger and produce antibodies
- T-cells
- viral infections, go after pathogen directly
- Lymphocyte counts are raised in response to viral infections.
Platelet
(Granulocytes)
- Blood clotting
- WBC
- Fragmented cytoplasm from megakarocyte
- Pale blue center, granules
Thrombocyte
Thrombocytes, or platelets, are the smallest elements of the blood and are responsible for the formation of clots through a complex, highly regulated cascade that you will study in Physiology and Immunobiology. Platelets are between 2 and 5 microns in diameter and appear ovoid and anucleate with purple granules.
Reticulocyte
Erythrocyte Variation
- Immature RBC released from the bone marrow
- Pale/blueish color
- Presence of basophilic granules
- RNA and rough ER
- Found occasionally in normal cat/dog blood
They are distinguished from RBC due to their larger size and more blueish staining (according to Dr. Yang) but looks more white to us
Poikilocytosis
(Erythrocyte Variation)
- Variation in shape (sickle, spikey ends, tear drop, oval)
- Can be caused by some medical conditions
- Seen in normal deer and goats
Rouleax Formation
- Blood concentrated/dehydrated (small animals)
- Normal in equine blood and cat blood)
- increase in blood plasma proteins
- Looks like a spread of coins
Crenation
Basophil
(Granulocytes & Polymorphonuclear)
- Very rare (<1% of WBC’s)
- Blue-ish/dark purple granules (can cover the nucleus)
- Medium nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio
- Segmented, lobed nucleus
- S-shaped
- Mostly heterochromatic
- Function similiar to mast cells in CT
- Secrete heparin (prevent formation of a clot)
- Histamine: enlarge capillaries and increase their permeability
- 12 micron
- Allergens
Anisocytosis
(Erythrocyte Variation)
- Variation in size
- Results from various medical conditions
- Species specific range
- Associated with vitamin deficiency
- macrocyte (lg. than average) and microcyte (sm. than average)
Composition of Peripheral Blood
Cells 45%
- RBC’s: O2 delivery
- WBC’s: immune defense
- Leave blood vessels via diapedisis (passage via capillary walls accompanying inflammation)
- Move into connective tissue and epithelium at infection sites
- Platelets: blood clotting (stop bleeding)
All cells in peripheral blood are MADE IN BONE MARROW and move into blood
ECF 55%
- Plasma
Common Staining Methods for Blood/Bone Marrow
- Romanowsky stain (Diff-Quick Stain)
- Wright’s Stain
- Giemsa stain
- Bone marrow stain
- Protocol slightly different
- Contain eosin and methylene blue
- Stains acidic molecules (DNA and RNA)
No hematoxylin
Cells of the Blood
Erythrocytes (RBC’s)
Leukocytes (WBC’s)
- Mononuclear (agranulocytes, non-segmented nucleus)
- Lymphocytes
- Monocytes
- Polymorphonuclear (granulocytes, indented or segmented nucleus)
- Neutrophils
- Eosinophils
- Basophils
Platelets (thrombocytes): promote blood clotting
- Fragment of megakarocyte
Erythrocytes (RBC’s)
- Most common
- deliver O2 to all tissues in the body
- transfer Co2 to the lungs
- Rich in hemoglobin (iron-containing O2 transport metalloprotein)
- Anucleated (no nucleus)
- Lost at maturation
- Biconcave disk
Reticulocyte: Erythrocyte Variation
Erythrocyte Species Differences
WBC Composition Canine
Neutrophils (Segmented): 60-70%
Neutrophils (Band): 0-3%
Eosinophils 2-10%
Basophils: Rare
Monocytes: 3-10%
Lymphocytes: 12-30%
WBC Composition Cat
Neutrophils (Segmented): 35-75%
Neutrophils (Band): 0-3%
Eosinophils 2-12%
Basophils: <0.1%
Monocytes: 1-4%
Lymphocytes: 20-55%
WBC Composition Bovine
Neutrophils (Segmented): 15-45%
Neutrophils (Band): 0-2%
Eosinophils 2-20%
Basophils: 0-2%
Monocytes: 2-7%
Lymphocytes: 45-75%
Morphology changes in WBC’s
Diapedesis from blood vessels into connective tissue and epithelium @ infection sites
Morphology usually changes at this point
Plasma Cells
(derived from B-cells)
- Located in the connective tissue
- Once differentiated, larger size
- Longer heterochromatic nuclei- Cartwheel shaped
- Prominent Golgi close to nucleus
T-cells in the intestinal epithelium
- Only the T-lymphocytes can enter the basement membrane
Cells derived from Monocytes:
- Macrophages
- Microglia (brain)
- Dendritic cells
- Osteoclasts
Eosinophil in Tissue vs. Plasma cell in CT
Leukocyte Disorders:
Leukopenia:
- Low WBC count
- “penia” = thinning
- Caused by posions, infectious diseases, radiation
- Elevated risk of infection
Leukocytosis:
- High WBC count
- Caused by infection, allergy, other diseases
Leukemia:
- Cancer of hemopoietic tissue
- Many forms
- Increased WBC’s and decreased RBC’s or platelets
- Impaired O2 delivery or clotting
After counting WBC’s, you find a dog has ~40% lymphocytes. What would you predict?
Viral infection
After counting WBC’s, you find a dog has ~80% neutrophils. What would you predict?
Bacterial infection
After counting WBC’s, you find a dog has ~15% eosinophils. What would you predict?
Parasitic infection
After counting WBC’s, you find a dog has ~5% basophils. What would you predict?
Allergic response
Bone Marrow
(Hematopoietic Stem Cells)
RBC Maturation
