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Cell And Tissue Biology > Blood And Blood Vessels > Flashcards

Blood And Blood Vessels Flashcards

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1
Q

Is blood a type of connective tissue? Explain.

A

Yes, blood is a specialized type of connective tissue that move through the circulatory system propelled by the contraction of the heart

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2
Q

What are some functions of blood?

A
  • delivery of oxygen and nutrient cells
  • transports CO2 and waste away from cells
  • delivery of hormones and maintains homeostasis
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3
Q

What are the three type of blood cells?

A

Erythrocytes—RBCs
Leukocytes—WBCs
Thrombocytes—platelets

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4
Q

What is Plasma?

A

Extra cellular protein rich fluid that consists of:

  • water, proteins, electrolytes, nutrients, and respiratory gases and waste
  • contains SERUM
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5
Q

What is serum of the plasma?

A

This is the fluid portion of blood after blood has clotted. Same make up of plasma except clotting proteins have been used up

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6
Q

What are Erythrocytes? Explain these and give detail of their structure life span and importance of this.

A

These are red blood cells. They are full of hemoglobin which is a specific protein that transports CO2 and O2.

  • structure is a biconcave disk which allows for increased surface area of gas exchange and folding
  • lifespan is 120 days—> membrane proteins critical to protection of membrane and RBC survival
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7
Q

What are Leukocytes? What two groups can these be broken up into?

A

Leukocytes are white blood cells that leave the blood and migrate to tissue to perform specific function (usually immune)

Two groups:

  1. Granulocytes
  2. Agranulocytes
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8
Q

Explain the WBC type granulocyte. Provide three examples of granulocytes and their function.

A

Granulocytes contain secondary granules that have specific functions and primary granules that are lysosomes.

Three examples of granulocytes:

  1. Neutrophil (polymorphonuclear leukocyte PMNs)
  2. Eosinophils
  3. Basophils
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9
Q

Explain the WBC type Agranulocytes. Provide two examples and their function.

A

These lack specific granules but contain nonspecific granules

Examples:

  1. Lymphocytes
  2. Monocytes
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10
Q

Provide a brief description of neutrophils. What is a key factor that these have in the body?

A

These are PMNs, they are the most prevalent type of Granulocyte. Roughly 50-70% of circulating WBCS are these.

-these are phagocytic and are the first line of defence against bacteria response to necrosis

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11
Q

Provide a brief description of Eosinophils. What is a key factor to this WBC? What two components do these contain?

A

Roughly 1.4% of circulating WBC. These are bi-lobed and phagocytic.

  • these are important in inflammatory responses against allergies as they secrete histaminase and phagocytize antigens
  • the granules contain major basic proteins (MBP) and eosinophillic peroxidase (EPO) which kill parasites
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12
Q

Provide a brief description of basophils. What is a key factor to this WBC? What two components do these contain?

A

These are less than 1% of circulating WBC.

This is an important cell as it is associated with type 1 hypersensitivity reactions. Which is basically immediate hypersensitivity reactions and leads to anaphylaxis.

  • granules contain histamines (vasodilator and increase of vascular)
  • granules contain heparin (anticoagulant)
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13
Q

Provide a brief description of lymphocytes. What is a key factor to this WBC? What three components do these contain?

A

These are the most numerous agranulocyte (which is roughly 20-40% of circulating WBC)

The main function of these are to protect and respond to the immune system. These have a long lifespan.

Three main components:

  1. T lymphocytes (T-Cells) involved with cell mediated immunity
    - T helper cell is CD4
    - T cytotoxic cell is CD8
  2. B lymphocytes (B cells) involved in humoral immunity (antibody production)
  3. Natural Killer cells which destroy unhealthy host cells infected with bacteria
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14
Q

Provide a brief description of Monocytes. What is a key factor to this WBC? What happens when the leave the vasculature?

A

Monocytes are 2.8% WBC circulatio. Largest WBC. These are indented kidney beans or C shaped nucleus.

  • they are phagocytic and the garbage picker upper of the body. They clean up debris.
  • these function as an antigen presenting cell (APC) and produce inflammatory mediators.

When they leave the vasculature they transform into macrophages

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15
Q

Provide a brief description of Thrombocytes. What is a key factor to this WBC, what are they derived from? What two components do these contain?

A

These are membrane bound cell fragments that are derived from megakaryocytes in the bone marrow.

These contain two of the following:

  1. Hyalomeres—> lighter stained peripheral zone
  2. granulomere—> darker stained central zone rich in granules which contain ADP ATP and serotonin.
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16
Q

What are the primary and secondary factors to platelet function?

A

The key factors in these WBC is that they function in controlling blood loss (adhesion and aggregation at primary hemostasis)

as well as as blood coagulation (secondary hemostasis)

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17
Q

What is hemopoiesis (hematopoiesis)? Where does it occur? What are blood cells derived from?

A

This is the formation of new blood cells in the bone marrow that’s include erythropoiesis, thrombopoiesis, and leukopoiesis.

Blood cells are derived from pluriopotential stem cells (or hemopoietic stem cells)

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18
Q

What is colony stimulating factors in blood cells?

A

This is the growth factor that initiates the differentiation of the pluropotential stem cells into colony forming units (CFU)

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19
Q

What two differentiations come from Colony Stimulating Factor?

A

Myeloid line and lymphoid line.

20
Q

What kind of capillaries does bone marrow contain?

A

Sinusoidal capillaries which allows for easier release of mature blood cells into peripheral circulation

21
Q

What are megakaryocytes?

A

These are large multinucleated cells, cytoplasmic processes pinch off and release as platelets to peripheral circulation

22
Q

What does the circulatory system include?

A

This includes lymphatic and CV systems

23
Q

What does the CV system include?

A

Heart
Arteries
Capillaries
Veins

24
Q

What are the two major divisions of the CV system? What is the third division?

A
  1. Pulmonary circulation
  2. Systemic circulation
  3. Lymphatic vascular system
25
Q

What is the function of the following:

Heart
Arteries
Capillaries
Veins

A

Heart—> propels blood through system
Arteries—> vessels from the heart carrying oxygenated blood to the tissues
Capillaries—> smallest vessel which are sites of O2 and CO2 and exchange
Veins—> carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart

26
Q

What is the function of the three division of the CV system?

A

Pulmonary—> conveys blood from heart to lungs and lungs to heart
Systemic—> conveys blood from heart to tissue and tissue to heart
Lymphatic—> carries lymph fluid to vessels that connect to CV system and act as immune distributor (such as lymphocytes and antibodies)

27
Q

When the body is at rest, ___% of the blood moves through _____ circulation. Roughly __% move through the _____ circulation and ___% move through the ____

A

When the body is at rest, 70% of the blood moves through systemic circulation. Roughly 18% move through the pulmonary circulation and 12% move through the heart

28
Q 
Explain the 4 chambers of the heart: 
Right atrium 
Left atrium 
Right ventricle 
Left ventricle
A

Right atrium—> receives blood from the body
Left atrium —> receives blood from the pulmonary veins
Right ventricle —> propels blood to the pulmonary circulation
Left ventricle —>propels blood to the systemic circulation

29
Q

What are the three major layers of the heart?

A
  1. Endocardium
  2. Myocardium
  3. Epicardium
30
Q

What is the endocardium, what does it encapsulate?

A

Endocardium is the most internal layer of the heart. Can be divided into the following:

  • endothelium—> supports connective tissue
  • myoelastic layer—> smooth muscle and connective tissue
  • sub-endothelial layer—> connective tissue containing purkinje fibres (which help in conducting heart rate)
31
Q

What is the myocardium, what does it encapsulate?

A

This is the thickest layer of the heart that contains cardiac muscles

32
Q

What is the epicardium, what does it encapsulate?

A

The epicardium is a simple squamous mesothelium layer that supports connective tissue and connects to the pericardium (surrounding the heart)

33
Q

What are the three layers of the vascular wall that comprise arteries and veins?

A
  1. Tunica intima
  2. Tunica media
  3. Tunica Adventita
34
Q

Provide a brief description of the tunica intima and it’s (3) important functions/parts

A

Innermost layer that consists of three parts:

  • single layer of simple squamous epithelial cells (endothelium) which functions as permeability barrier and produces factors that stop blood clotting sand inflammation
  • basal lamina
  • sub endothelial layer which contains the internal elastic lamina to allow for diffusion of suntan cues deeper into vessel wall
35
Q

Provide a brief description of the tunica media and it’s important functions/parts

A

Comprised of smooth muscle cells spread out with various amount of elastin, reticular and collagen.
-this is the thickest layer in arteries and arterioles.

An external elastic lamina membrane separates tunica media from adventita

36
Q

Provide a brief description of the tunica adventitia and it’s (3) important functions/parts

A

This is the outermost connective layer, consists of collagen and elastin.
-this is the thickest layer in veins and venules.

37
Q

Within the tunica adventitia the ____ ____ are smaller blood vessels that supply blood to vascular wall

In contraction, the ___ ____ is an autonomic nerve that controls contraction of smooth muscle in vessel walls

A

Vasa vasorum

Nervi vasorum

38
Q

True or false: explain

Blood vessels do not branch and remain their size and type of vasculature

A

False:

Blood vessels branch frequently and undergo gradual transition into different types of vessels that make up the vasculature

39
Q

Explain the physiological function and structure of large arteries elastic arteries. What are some examples?

A

These have thick tunic media with multiple sheets of elastic lamellae and alternating smooth muscle

  • primary function as conducting arteries (carries blood to smaller arteries)
  • examples include pulmonary arteries, common carotid, subclavian, and common iliac
40
Q

Explain the physiological function and structure of medium arteries and muscular arteries. What are some examples?

A

Tunica media has smooth muscle with less elastic fibre
-primarily functions has distributing arteries (carries blood to organs)
Functions as well as regulating blood pressure by contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle

41
Q

Explain the physiological function and structure of small arteries and arterioles. What are some examples?

A

Small arteries have 3-10 layers of smooth muscle in tunica media
-Arterioles have 1-2 layer of smooth muscles in tunica media

Arterioles control blood flow to capillary network by contraction of smooth muscles

42
Q

Explain the physiological function and structure of capillaries. What are some examples?

A

Smallest blood vessel and smaller than RBCs. Have thin wall to allow gas exchange and waste product.

  • surrounded by pericytes (perivascular contractile cells that facilities blood flow)
  • involved in micro vascular remodeling and repair
43
Q

What are the three histological types of capillaries and their functions?

A
  1. Continuous capillaries—> most common, tight junction between endothelial cells so that all exchange must occur through the cell
  2. Fenestrated capillaries—> have small pours called fenestrations through the cell but basement membrane is continuous. Allows for more extensive exchange
  3. Discontinuous capillaries (sinusoids, sinusoidal capillaries)—> fenestration through endothelial cells allow for discontinuous basement exchange of molecules. Prominent in liver bone marrow and spleen
44
Q

What are venules? What is the purpose of post capillary venules and what do they contain?

A

Post capillary venules collect blood from capillary networks and contain pericytes.

These branch into slightly larger venules that are established into a tunica media of 2-3 layers of smooth muscle that is scattered

45
Q

What is the function of small and medium veins?

A

Blood entering veins under low pressure move blood to heart by contraction of smooth muscle in tunica media.

Small veins—> collect blood from venules which have 2-3 layers of smooth muscle in tunica media

Medium veins—> carry blood to larger veins and important features found in these are valves. (Which are thin folds of tunica intima that project across a lumen that keeps venous return directed to heart)

46
Q

What is the function of large veins? Where are they found?

A
  • return blood to heart and have developed intima which show an internal elastic lamina
  • these are relatively thin tunica media
  • the tunica adventitia is a very thick part and contains longitudinal bundles of smooth muscle
  • found in inferior and superior vena cava, as well as hepatic portal veins and subclavian veins
47
Q

What are lymphatic vessels? Where are they found?

A

These remove substance and fluid from extra cellular spaces of connective tissue=lymph

  • convey lymph fluids from tissue to blood and has very thin endothelial cell walls with space in between
  • these are found in the immune system

Cell And Tissue Biology (4 decks)

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