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Introduction to Cells Y1 > Blood and Blood Cells > Flashcards

Blood and Blood Cells Flashcards

1
Q

List the 4 main components of blood

A

Erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets and plasma

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2
Q

Recall the basic structure of haemoglobin

A

4 polypeptide chains, each with a haem group

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3
Q

What is the level of affinity of haem for oxygen?

A

Low

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4
Q

What happens after the first oxygen binds to haemoglobin and why?

A

The shape opens up more allowing iron to bind to the oxygen easier

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5
Q

What is the binding of oxygen to haemoglobin known as?

A

Cooperative binding

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6
Q

What detects low oxygen levels?

A

The kidney

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7
Q

What hormone does the kidney secrete in response to low oxygen levels?

A

Erythropoietin

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8
Q

What does erythropoietin do?

A

Stimulates haematopoietic stem cells to differentiate into erythrocytes

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9
Q

What does the kidney do in response to a high blood oxygen level?

A

Not secrete erythropoietin

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10
Q

What is an immature erythrocyte known as?

A

Reticulocyte

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11
Q

What is the life span of an erythrocyte?

A

120 days

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12
Q

What is anaemia?

A

Low blood haemoglobin concentrations

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13
Q

What is microcytic anaemia?

A

Failure of haemoglobin synthesis or iron deficiency

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14
Q

What are 4 causes of microcytic anaemia?

A

Menstruation, GIT lesions, cancers or parasitic infections

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15
Q

What is normocytic anaemia?

A

Acute blood loss, e.g. through an open wound

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16
Q

What is macrocytic anaemia?

A

Anaemia caused by a failure of DNA synthesis and cell division so the erythrocytes are larger

17
Q

What are three causes of macrocytic anaemia?

A

Folic acid deficiency, vitamin B12 deficiency and being vegetarian/vegan.

18
Q

What is polycythaemia?

A

Excess erythrocytes, e.g. from high altitude

19
Q

Is polycythaemia good or bad?

A

Can be good in sport, but the patient can suffer from heart problems due to increased viscosity

20
Q

What are the 5 types of leukocytes?

A

Lymphocytes, eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils and monocytes

21
Q

What is the main function of lymphocytes?

A

Antibody secretion

22
Q

What is the main function of eosinophils?

A

React to allergies

23
Q

What is the main function of basophils?

A

Histamine secretion

24
Q

What is the main function of neutrophils?

A

Phagocytes

25
Q

What is the main function of monocytes?

A

Phagocytes

26
Q

Which is the most abundant leukocyte?

A

Neutrophils

27
Q

What neutrophils, basophils and eosinophils examples of?

A

Polymorphonuclear granulocytes

28
Q

Name the three polymorphonuclear granulocytes

A

Neutrophils, basophils and eosinophils

29
Q

What type of leukocyte is first to the site of infection?

A

Polymorphonuclear granulocytes

30
Q

What are the four functions of antibodies?

A

Agglutination, precipitation, opsonisation and neutralisation

31
Q

What are the five immunoglobulin classes?

A

IgM; IgG; IgA; IgD; IgE

32
Q

What appears after granulocytes?

A

Monocytes/macrophages

33
Q

Which leukocyte stimulated angiogenesis?

A

Macrophages

34
Q

What do platelets adhere to in wounds?

A

Collagen

35
Q

What is serum?

A

Blood plasma without the proteins

36
Q

What is used to differentiate between different anaemias?

A

Mean cell volume

37
Q

What is the life span of a platelet?

A

8-10 days

Introduction to Cells Y1 (4 decks)

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