Blood and ANS

Question 1

Pernicious anaemia is associated with which ONE of the following?

Answer 1

Insufficient Vitamin B12

Question 2

The autonomic nervous system has a hierarchy of levels of reflex control. Which answer CORRECTLY orders these reflex loops from low level to high level?

Answer 2

**ganglion, spinal cord, brainstem, hypothalamus.

Question 3

Which ONE of the following statements about haemostasis is CORRECT?

Answer 3

The extrinsic pathway is initiated by the release of factor III from damaged tissue to complex with factor VII and V.

Question 4

Which ONE of the following statements about human lymphocytes is INCORRECT?

Answer 4

Lymphocytes are the largest of all the white blood cells in humans.

-Lymphocytes are actually the smallest of all the white blood cells.

Question 5

With regard to the transmitters and receptors employed in the autonomic nervous system:

Answer 5

noradrenaline acts on α receptors.

Question 6

The parasympathetic system has neurons that:

Answer 6

have short post-ganglionic axons

-The parasympathetic system tends to have its ganglia close to the end-organs.

Question 7

Which ONE of the following organs does the autonomic nervous system NOT exert control over?

Answer 7

skeletal muscle

Question 8

Which ONE of the following statements about haemostasis is CORRECT?

Answer 8

Calcium ions are required for several steps of the prothrombin activation cascade.

Question 9

Which ONE of the following triggers erythropoietin release?

Answer 9

Decreased blood oxygen levels

Question 10

Which ONE of the following statements about iron metabolism in humans is INCORRECT?

Answer 10

Vitamin C can increase iron absorption by oxidising ferrous ions to ferric ions.

-Vitamin C does increase iron absorption but it does this by reducing ferric ions to ferrous ions which are more easily absorbed.

Question 11

The primary neurotransmitter used by both sympathetic and parasympathetic axons is:

Answer 11

**acetylcholine at pre-ganglionic synapses.

-The key here is that it is used by both sympathetic and parasympathetic axons. That means it has to be ACh as noradrenaline is only sympathetic. It has to be at the pre-ganglionic synapse, because the post-ganglionic synapse is with the target organ where sympathetics need noradrenaline.

Question 12

Which type of leukocyte defends against parasitic infections?

Answer 12

Eosinophils

Question 13

Which ONE of the following statements about the autonomic nervous system is CORRECT?

Answer 13

Areas related to autonomic function in the brainstem regulate cardiovascular and respiratory function.

Question 14

Which ONE of the following statements about haemoglobin is INCORRECT?

Answer 14

Haemoglobin is an excellent acid-base buffer because the iron binds bicarbonate.

-This is the incorrect statement. Haemoglobin is an excellent acid-base buffer but the reason is because deoxygenated haemoglobin picks up excess hydrogen ions that have been generated by the reaction between carbon dioxide and water.

Question 15

The human erythrocyte:

Answer 15

develops from a committed myeloid stem cell.

Question 16

Which ONE of the following statements about erythropoietin is CORRECT?

Answer 16

Erythropoietin stimulates the production of proerythroblasts from the bone marrow.

Question 17

Which ONE of the following statements is INCORRECT? Neutrophils

Answer 17

generally have single large non-segmented nuclei.

-This is the incorrect statement. Neutrophils have a multilobed nucleus.

Question 18

In healthy endothelial cells, arachidonic acid is converted to ——— which ———- formation of blood clots.

Answer 18

Prostacyclin: inhibits

Question 19

Choose the list of terms from the autonomic nervous system that best matches the following descriptors:

has cell bodies located in a chain outside the spinal cord

has cell bodies in the central nervous system

has nicotinic acetylcholine receptors

is dominant during rest

Answer 19

**sympathetic, pre-ganglionic, post-ganglionic, parasympathetic

Question 20

Which ONE of the following is likely to cause a significant transfusion reaction, assuming this is the first transfusion for all recipients?

Answer 20

**A person who is blood group AB positive donates to a person who is blood group A positive.

• A person who is A positive will have anti B antibodies in their plasma which will react with the incoming B antigens.

Question 21

The main site of haematopoiesis in the fetus from the second to the seventh month is the:

Answer 21

Liver

Question 22

The first step of haemostasis is:

Answer 22

vascular spasm.