Blood Flashcards by Morgan C

4 main components of blood

Plasma, RBC, WBC, platelets

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What are the formed elements

RBC WBC and platelets

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Plasma?

Clear yellow liquid portion of blood

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What does plasma contain

Formed elements, electrolytes, waste, plasma proteins, antibodies, glucose, antigens, clotting factors

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What is serum

Plasma without the clotting factors

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What is the main job of plasma

Transport blood, waste, antibodies, clotting proteins, chemical messengers, electrolytes

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What are the three cells derived from lymphoid stem cells

B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, NK cells

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GMCSF

Granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor

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GCSF

Granulocyte colony stimulating factor

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SCF

Stem cell factor

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MCSF

Macrophage colony stimulating factor

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TPO

Thrombopoeitin

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Reticulocyte?

Immature red blood cell in circulation

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Function of erythrocyte

Transport oxygen and regulate inflammation with chemokine sink

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How do mature erythrocytes look

Biconcave cave, disc shaped, no nuclei

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Where are RBCs removed from circulation

Spleen

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Where is their central pallor

Normal RBC. Should be 1/3 of its diameter

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What is the most common general blood disorder

Anemia

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Where are howell jolly bodies found

Macrocytic anemia

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Anisocytosis

RBC of unequal size

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poikilocytosis

RBC of abnormal shape

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What is the predominant formed element in the blood

Neutrophil

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What color do you neutrophil stain

Neutral

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What is the first line of defense against invading microorganisms

Neutrophils

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What are the shortest lived granulocytes

Neutrophils

What did the granules of neutrophils contain

Microbicidal enzymes

What happens to neutrophils during an infection

Immature and mature neutrophils increase in number

What color are the granules in basophils

Dark blue/violet

What do basophils store

Histamine and heparin

When is histamine released? What is this do

During allergic responses which is a vasodilator that increases blood flow to tissues

What is heparin? What does it do?

Anticoagulant that prevents blood from clotting to quickly

What color do you eosinophils stain

Pink/red

What do the granules of Eosinophils contain

Digestive enzymes effective against parasitic worms

What do eosinophils do

Phagocytose antigen/antibody complexes

What granulocyte is involved in allergic and asthmatic responses

Eosinophils

What do B lymphocytes do

Synthesize antibodies

What do T lymphocytes do

Participate in the specific immune response

What are the smallest of the formed elements

Platelets

What are platelets

Fragments of a larger cell called a megakaryocyte

Where are platelets located in the body

Either in circulation or in the spleen

What are the two types of platelet granules

Dense and alpha

What can initiate degranulation

Thrombin, ADP, collagen, PAF

What is the first step in coagulation cascade

Activation of factor X to factor Xa

What is the coagulation test for the intrinsic pathway? Extrinsic?

Intrinsic- APTT | Extrinsic-PT

How long is the aPTT test

23-31 sec

How long is the PT test

8.9-11.3 sec

What does aPTT test screen for

I’ll coagulation factors except VII and TF

What does PT test screen for

FII (prothrombin), FVII, FV,FX,fibrinogen

What is the differential white blood cell count

Total number of white blood cells and proportion of each type of white cell

What is the production of WBC in Leukopoeisis controlled by

Cytokines such as colony stimulating factors

What are bacterial infections usually associated with?

Increase proportion of neutrophils and monocytes

What are viral infections usually associated with?

Increase proportion of lymphocytes

What is composed of a complete blood count (CBC)

Size of the total red cell mass, volume of a red blood cell, adequacy of hemoglobin synthesis

What is the size of the total red cell mass described by

Hemoglobin concentration (Hb), hematocrit (HCT)/ packed cell volume (PCV), red blood cell count (RBC)

What is the red blood cell count

Number of red cells per liter of blood

What is hemoglobin concentration

Amount of hemoglobin in a volume of blood

What is hematocrit/packed cell volume

Ratio of volume of red cells to volume of whole blood

What is mean cell volume (MCV)

Average size of a red blood cell

How is MCV calculated

Dividing hematocrit by red blood cell count

What does it mean if the mean cell volume is less than 80 fL

Red cells are small which is microcytosis

What does it mean if the mean cell volume is more than 100 fL

Red cells are large which is macrocytosis

What two variables are used to describe the adequacy of hemoglobin synthesis

Mean cell hemoglobin (MCH) and mean cell hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)

What is mean cell hemoglobin (MCH)

Average amount of hemoglobin in the average red cell

How do you calculate MCH

Divide hemoglobin concentration by red blood cell count

What is MCHC

Average concentration of hemoglobin in red cells

How do you calculate MCHC

MCH/MCV

What is it called of the red cell mass decreases

Anemia

What is it called if the red cell mass increases

Polycythemia

When the reduced hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit indicate the presence of anemia, what can be used to determine if the rate of red cell production is normal

Reticulocyte count

Two general causes of decreased red cell survival

Hemorrhage in hemolytic anemia

Three requirements for normal red cell production

Functional bone marrow, erythropoietin, adequate nutrient supply for hemoglobin synthesis

What does a high red cell mass increase

Viscosity of blood and risk of thrombosis

What is the most common cause of polycythemia

Increased levels of EPO

Three phases of primary hemostasis?

Platelet adhesion, platelet activation, platelet aggregation

What are the three antiplatelet drugs

Aspirin/NSAID, clopidogrel/ticlopidine, and eptifibatide

What is the intrinsic pathway triggered

When blood contacts a negatively charged service

When is the extrinsic pathway activated

When blood contacts cells outside the vascular endothelium

What tests are used to assess the function of primary and secondary hemostatic mechanisms

Bleeding time, prothrombin time, and partial thromboplastin time

Bleeding time?

Sensitive test of platelet function where incision is made in the forearm and amt of time it takes for bleeding to stop is recorded

Tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI)

Blocks action of activated factor VII

Antithrombin III

Binds to activated factor X and thrombin to inhibit coagulation

Thrombomodulin

Inhibits coagulation by binding to thrombin

Protein C and S

Inactivates factors V and VIII

Heparin

Helps anticoagulation effects of antithrombin III