Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Immunology and Haematology > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

What are the components of blood?

A

Plasma; clotting/coagulation factors, albumin, antibodies

Buffy coat; platelets, white cells/leucocytes

Red blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the functions of blood?

A

Transport

Maintenance of vascular integrity

Protection from pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Describe transport in blood

A

Red blood cells transport gases: CO2 and O2

Plasma transports nutrients, waste and messages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Describe blood involvement in maintenance of vascular integrity

A

Prevention of leaks; platelets and clotting factors

Prevention of blockages; anticoagulants and fibrinolytics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe blood involvement in protection from pathogens

A

Phagocytosis and killing; granulocytes/monocytes

Antigen reception and antibody formation; lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are some haematological abnormalities and how can they occur

A

High levels;

  • raised production
  • (decreased rate of loss)

Low levels

  • decreased production
  • increased rate of loss

Altered function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Describe stem cells

A

Totipotent
Self-renewal
Home to marrow niche

Binary fission and flux through differentiation pathways amplify numbers

Flux regulated by hormones/growth factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the anatomy of bone marrow?

A

Where is it?
- bones; mostly in children, axial in elderly

What does it look like?
- stroma and sinusoids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Describe erythroid differentiation

A

Erythroblast - reticulocyte - erythrocyte

Erythropoeitin; made in kidney in response to hypoxia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Where is erythropoetin made?

A

kidney

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the reticulocyte count?

A

A measure of red cell production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are consequences of anaemia?

A

poor gas transfer; dyspnoea, fatigue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are haematinics?

A

iron folate vit B12

Deficiency in anaemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How many RBCs can you make in a day?

A

~10g/L/day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the function of platelets?

A

Haemostasis and immune

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How is production of platelets regulated?

A

By thrombopoetin

  • produced in liver- regulation by platelet mass feedback
  • agonists (romiplostim, eltrombopag) used therapeutically
17
Q

What is the lifespan of platelets?

A

7 days

18
Q

What is the function of neutrophils?

A

Ingest and destroy pathogens, especially bacteria and fungi

Interleukins (between white cells) and CSFs (colony stim factors)

Regualtion by immune responses; macrophages, IL-17

19
Q

What is the lifespan of neutrophils?

A

1-2 days

20
Q

What is the response speed of neutrophils?

A

few hours

21
Q

Describe neutrophil differentiation

A
  1. Blast
  2. Promyelocyte
  3. Myelocyte
  4. Metamyelocyte
  5. Neutrophil
22
Q

When does neutrophilia occur?

A

Infection
Inflammation; MI, post-op, rheum arthritis

Production regulated by granulocyte-colony stim factor

23
Q

When is G-CSF used therapeutically?

A

Granulocyte- colony stim factor

Used in neutropenia and mobilisation of stem cells

24
Q

What causes neutropenia?

A

“racial”

Decreased production; drugs, marrow failure

Increased consumption; sepsis, autoimmune

Altered function; chronic granulomatous disease

25
Q

What are monocytes?

A

Subset migrate into tissues and become macrophages

Dendritic cells

Function is to ingest and destroy pathogens especially bacteria and funghi

26
Q

What is the lifespan of macrophages?

A

many months

27
Q

What is the lifespan of dendritic cells?

A

weeks

28
Q

What are lymphocytes?

A

Subtypes;

  • B cells
  • T cells
  • NK cells

Circulate in blood, lymph and lymph nodes

Differentiate into effector cells in secondary lymphoid organs; lymph nodes or mucosal associated lymphoid tissue

29
Q

Describe positive and negative selection

A

In bone marrow

  • if gene rearrangement results in functional receptor cell selected to survive (positive)
  • if receptor recognises self antigens cells triggered to die (negative)
30
Q

Describe human leucocyte antigen

A

HLA

Class I; displays internal antigens on all nucleated cells (MHCI)

Class II; displays antigens eaten by professional antigen presenting cells (MHCII)

31
Q

Describe FBC

A 
Haemoglobin
RBC
Platelets
WBC
Neutrophils
Lymphocytes; monocytes, eosinophils, basophils
32
Q

What are some infectious causes of splenomegaly

A
  • acute e.g. EBV, CMV
  • chronic bactericidal e.g. TB, brucella, SBE
  • chronic parasitic e.g. malaria, leishmaniasis, schistosomiasis

Immunology and Haematology (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions