Blood Flashcards
Content of blood
55% plasma
45% formed elements
Content formed elements
99% RBC
1% WBC+ platelets
Leukocytes
White Blood Cells
Nucleated
“True” cells
Erythrocytes
Red blood cells No nucleus (mammals)
Thrombocytes
Platelets
Non nucleated
Made by cytoplasm of megakaryocytes
Plasma
92% water
7% proteins
1% other (fibrinogen)
Plasma proteins
Albumin 60%
Globulins 35%
Fibrinogen 4%
Other 1%
Albumin
60% Regulates osmosis/water balance Transports proteins Regulates pH Made in liver
Fibrinogen
4%
Blood coagulation
Homeostasis
Made in liver
Globulin
35%
Alpha and beta= transport made in liver
Gamma= defense (synthezised in lymphoid system)
Serum protein electrophoresis
Separating proteins due to size and charge
Serum
Plasma without fibrinogen and clotting proteins
Blood functions
Transport
Homeostasis
Immune defense
Hemostasis
Volemia
Total blood volume
Oncotic pressure
Pressure exerted by proteins
VSE/sedimentation rate
Falling rate of RBC in tube with anti-coagulant
pH of blood
7,35 to 7,45
Haemopoiesis
Formation of blood cellular components
Derives from pluripotent stem cells (red bone marrow)
Erythropoetin
Made in kidneys
Protein stimulating RBC production
Immature erythrocytes =reticulocytes
Erythropoiesis
Hypoxia sensed by kidney
Erythropoetin produced
Red marrow increases RBC production
Blood oxygen is increased
Polycythemia
Increase of RBC
Anemia
Low RBC
Hematocrit
% of RBC
Hemoglobin
4 polypeptide chains
4 heme groups
Capacity to carry 4 oxygen
Hemolysis of RBC
10% in blood stream
90% in liver by mono nuclear phagocyte systems
Average life-span 120 days
Fe metabolism
RBC dies and breaks down to heme+globin
Globin breaks down to aminoacids
Heme into Fe carried by transferrin to liver or transformed into billiverdin to bilirubin carried to liver made to bile in kidneys/intestines
Leukopoiesis
Production of WBC
differentiated in lymphtissue (nodes, spleen, thymus)
Granulocytes
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Agranulocytes
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Leukocytosis
Increased WBC
Physiological or pathological
Leukopenia
Low WBC
always pathological
Neutrophil
50-70% Lobulated nucleus Granular cytoplasm First line of defense Phagocytic More lobulated with age Increased when stress, burns, bacterial infect. Decreased when radiation, B12 deficiency
Eosinophil
2-4% 2 lobuled nucleus Large red granules when stained Antiparasitic-releases granules Histamine Allergy reaction
Basophils
Less than 1%
Large blue granules when stained
Releases heparin and histamine allergic reactions
Intensifies inflammatory response
Increased when allergy, leukemia, cancer, hypothyriodism
Decreased when pregnancy, ovulation, strsss, hyperthyroidism
Monocytes
3-8% Largest Kidney-shaped nucleus Non-granular When in tissue=macrophage Increased when infection, TBC Decreased when bone marrow depression, cortisol treatment
Lymphocytes
20-25% Large round nucleus Small B-lymphocytes T-lymphocytes Natural killer cells
Thrombocytes
Platelets
Parts of megakaryocytes
Trombopoeitin
Hormone regulating production of thrombocytes
Synthesized in liver+kidneys
Stored in spleen
Old platelets phagocyted in spleen or by kupffer cells in liver
Alpha-granules= coagulation, fibrinogen
Delta-granules= dense, serotonin, ADP, ca2+
