Blood

Question 1

Peripheral blood

Answer 1

all blood thats not in the bone marrow
Functions: to convey (nutrients/waste, endocrine functions, gas exchange)
5 liters ~5% of body weight

Blood is like connective tissue
Extracellular matrix=serum
Cells= RBCs WBC and platlets

Question 2

Hematocrit

Answer 2

% blood volume occupied by RBCs
Plasma: fluid phase after centrifugation with heparin
90% water, 10% plasma

Serum cetrifugation after clotting (centrigugation to remove clotting factors and cells)

Question 3

Cell types in peripheral Blood

Answer 3

1. Erythrocytes (RBCs) 5 million/ul
2. Leukocytes (WBCs) 4-10 thousand/ ul
   (cytosis- high, penia=low)

Leukocytes types
Granulocytes: have specific granules
Neutrophils(34-71%), Eosinophils (0-7), Basophils (0-1)

Agranulocytes:
Lymphocytes (19-53%), monocytes (5-12)

Question 4

Erythrocytes

Answer 4

RBCs
7.5 um in diameter
biconcave to increase surface area for gas exchange
(no nucleus, no organelles in cytoplasm)

Hb gives red color
Hb 33% of RBC

Carbonic anhydrase (CA)- converts CO2 to carbonic acid-> HCO3 (bicarb) then band 3 pumps HCO3 out of the RBC

Question 5

Band 3

Answer 5

an integral membrane protein with 2 functions

1. Exports HCO3
2. binds ankyrin (which binds to spectrins) structural proteins that maintain biconcave shape

Mutations in the structural proteins-> spherocytosis

Question 6

Spherocytosis

Answer 6

Spherocytes can respire and are functional but a re super fragile and are degraded (hymolysis) in the spleen causing anemia

Question 7

RBC surface antigens

Answer 7

The RBC membrane has antigens (proteins and carbohydrates) (33 blood groups)

Most common ABO carbohydrate antigens and Rh group (protein

Rh confers positive or negative

We have antibodies against the antigens we dont possess
life span- 120 days
increased HcT= polycythemia (increased number), erythrocytosis (increased size of RBC)

Hb +CO is irreversible
Thalassemia (HbF persists when B globin is mutated)

Question 8

Leukocytes

Answer 8

are transient in blood, work in tissue
function in defense
include granulocytes and agranulocytes

Granulocytes have granules that are specific

Question 9

Neutrophils

Answer 9

granulocyte
most common WBC (15 um)
nucleus is highly lobulated (PMN)
2 types of granules (lysosomes and specific granules that dont stain)
PMN- facilitate passage between cells, caused by activation of caspase (degrades nuclear lamins)

Functions: anti bacterial

1. granule release to degrade bacteria
2. phagocytosis - eats bacteria
3. NADPH oxidase (produces superoxide anions that kill via respiratory burst)- mutation cause persistent bacterial ifection

Life SPAN= DAYS

Question 10

eosinophils have 3 functions

Answer 10

0-7 15 um
bilobed nucleus
Specific granules are red and lage with crystalloid structure (contains major basic protein-kills parasites)

Have 3 functions: kills parasites (Major basic proteins), phagocytize antigen -antibody complexes, secrete leukotrienes

Eosinophils increase during parasitic infections and allergic reactions
Eosinophils in the lungs secrete leukotrienes causing asthma (BV leakiness(edema), bronchioles constrict, mucosus gland sectres)

Short term treatment : target smooth muscle to dialate bronchioles (adrenergic agonists) and Ach antagonists

Long term: inhaled corticosteriods and drugs that bols leukotriene production and receptors

Life span: weeks

Question 11

Basophils

Answer 11

0-1 (10 um)

nucleus is obscured by blue specific granules
specific granules: heparin and histamines
similar to mast cells

Function:
1. Ag invades
2. plasma cells secrete IgE
3. IgE binds receptors on basophils/mast cells
When the same Ag enters (Ag binds IgE on basophils cell surface, in response the basophil secretes histamines and leukotrienes)- could lead to anaphylactic shock

Treatment: epinephrine (adrenergic agonist), antihistamines, steroids

basophil life span: years (memory)

Question 12

Agranulocytes (monocytes)

Answer 12

Monocytes and lymphocytes
Monocytes 5-12% 15-20 um
largest WBC, nucleus indented heart shaped

in tissues monocytes differentiate into APC, Macrophages

lifespan is months

Question 13

Lymphocytes

Answer 13

15-53 % B and T cells

cant tell the difference
T cells in peripheral blood
B cells in tissues-> antibodies

Question 14

Megakaryocyte

Answer 14

Huge cell in bone marrow that splits off into platelets
Platlets: fragments of megakaryocytes in cytoplasm
300000/ul
granulomere: clotting and growth factors
hyalomere: microtubles