Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Y1 IMS > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

What is blood

A

Viscous fluid that is pumped around the body by the heart and vascular system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What types of cells make up blood

A

Red blood cells
White cells
Platelets
plasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How much blood is in the body

A

5 litres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the function of arteries

A

brings blood from the heart to organs and tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the function of veins

A

returns blood from the organs and tissues to the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are arterioles, venues and capillaries

A

small blood vessels in the organs/tissues which have a small diameter and therefore maximise blood-tissue interaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How quickly is all the blood pumped around the body

A

in 1 minute

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the process of the blood when it travels through the heart

A

Vena cava -> right atrium -> right ventricle -> pulmonary artery-> lungs-> pulmonary vein-> left atrium-> left ventricle->aorta -> rest of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the functions of the blood

A 
Hydration of tissues and organs
Delivery of oxygen to tissues and organs
Provision of nutrients to tissues and organs
To fight infection
Regulation of body temp and pH
Distribution of endocrine hormones
To prevent its own blood loss
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the difference between paracrine and endocrine hormones

A

Paracrine hormones are secreted to adjacent cells

Endocrine hormones make use of the blood to transport to far away target hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Where do blood cell derive from

A

One common progenitor cell in the bone marrow called the multi potential haematopoietic stem cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the two major lineages of blood cells

A

myeloid and lymphoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What cells are found in the blood from the myeloid cell line

A

Megakaryocyte-> thrombocytes
Erythrocyte
Mast cell
Myeloblast-> basophil, neutrophil, eosinophil, monocyte -> macrophage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What cells are found in the blood from the lymphoid cell line

A

Natural killer cell

Small lymphocyte-> t lymphocyte, b lymphocyte -> plasma cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What happens if incompatible blood groups are mixed

A

Antibodies react with antigens on the red blood cell membrane cause haemolytic which is red blood cell rupture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How are blood groups classified

A

based on different antigens present on the red blood cell membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the ABO blood groups classified by and what are the types

A

carbohydrate antigen on the red blood cell membrane

A, B, AB, O

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What blood types are the universal donor and universal recipient of blood

A

Universal donor: O

Universal recipient: AB

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What blood types are the universal donor and universal recipient of plasma

A

Universal donor: AB

Universal recipient: O

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the symptoms of acute haemolytic reaction

A 
Chills, fever
Increased heart rate
Constricting pain in chest
Hypotension, uncontrollable bleeding
Heat sensation in transfused vein
Pain in lumbar region
Hyperbillirubinemia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What classifies Rhesus blood group and what are the two types

A

transmembrane protein antigen present on the Red blood cell membrane
Rh+ and Rh-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the diseases of blood plasma related to

A

Bleeding
Thrombosis
Heriditary angiodema
Complement deficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are diseases of blood cells

A 
Haematological malignancies
Sickle cell anaemia
Thalassaemia
Haemoglobinopathies
Leukemia
Thombocytopenia
Infection
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is thombosis and what are the two types

A

Formation of a blood clot inside a vessel, blocking the circulation
Venous
Arterial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is neoplasia

A

Process of uncontrolled cell growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are the two classes of genes involved in neoplasia

A

Oncogenes

Tumour suppressor genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

How are haematological malignancies classified

A

Blood cell lineage: myeloid, lymphoid
Location: leukaemia, lymphoma
Acute/chronic
Many subtypes

28
Q

What is the lymphatic system

A

A drainage system which run in parallel with the blood system to remove toxins

29
Q

What is anaemia

A

Low levels of haemoglobin

30
Q

What causes acquired anaemia

A

Iron deficiency
Vitamin B12 deficiency
Folate deficiency
Blood loss

31
Q

What causes iron deficiency

A 
Diet
Blood loss
Infection
Growth spurts
Pregnancy
32
Q

What is haemolytic anaemia

A

Bone marrow unable to replace red blood cells quickly enough as red blood cell life span is decreased

33
Q

What are the three types of inherited haemolytic anaemia

A

Red blood cell cytoskeletal defects
Red blood cell enzyme defects
Haemoglobin defects

34
Q

What is sickle cell disease

A

Point mutation in Hb
Distortion of red blood cells
Doesn’t absorb as much oxygen

35
Q

What is a sickle cell crisis

A

Blockage of microvascularture as sickle cells join together

36
Q

What is thalassemia

A

Large deletions of a-globin
or
Point mutations in the B-globin gene

37
Q

What are the different types of bleeding

A

Spontaneous
Induced
Major
Minor

38
Q

What is an abdominal aortic aneurysm

A

Progressive dilation of the abdominal aorta inferior to the renal and superior to the iliac arteries
High risk of aneurysm if becomes too large

39
Q

What are primary causes of spontaneous bleeding

A

coagulation factor deficiency or haemophilia
Vitamin k deficiency
Thrombocytopenia

40
Q

What causes vitamin K deficiency and what can reverse it

A 
malabsorption 
Occurs in liver disease
Occurs in newborn infants
Due to oral anticoagulant over dose
Vitamin K administration
41
Q

Why is Vitamin K essential for normal haemostasis

A

Plays a critical role in the formation of Gla-domains in key coagulation factors which bind negatively charged cell membranes

42
Q

What is haemophilia A

A

Deficiency in factor 8

43
Q

What is haemophilia B

A

Deficiency of Factor 9

44
Q

What are the standard coagulation assays

A 
Prothrombin time (PT
Activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT)
45
Q

What is prothrombin time

A

uses tissue factor as a trigger
measures the extrinsic pathway
prolonged PT in F7 deficiency
Used in INR monitoring of oral anticoagulants

46
Q

What is activated partial thromboplastin time

A

Uses silica as a trigger
Measures intrinsic pathway
Prolonged in F8 F9 F11 and F12 deficiency

47
Q

What is the inheritance pattern of haemophilia

A

X-linked recessive

48
Q

What is Von Willebrand disease

A

Deficiency of vWF

49
Q

What are the three types of von willebrand disease and what are their inheritance patterns

A 
heterozygous (autosomal dominant)
functional deficiency (autosomal dominant)
complete deficiency (autosomal recessive)
50
Q

What is Von Willebrand factor

A

Large multimeric glycoprotein
Stabilises F8
Involved in platelet adhesion and aggregation
Produced by endothelial cell in weibel-palade bodies

51
Q

What is thombocytopenia

A

Loss of blood platelets

52
Q

What is thrombasthenia

A

Dysfunction of blood platelets

53
Q

What are the main processes involved in stopping bleeding

A

Vasoconstriction
Primary haemostasis: platelet activation and aggregation
Secondary haemostasis: Coagulation pathway activation

54
Q

What is the primary haemostatic response

A

Platelets are activated by collagen and thrombin -> undergo a shape change -> clump together (aggregate) to forma coagulum
This alone is insufficient to stem bleeds

55
Q

What is the secondary haemostatic response

A

Coagulation ( clotting)
Involves a cascade of proteolytic enzymes in the plasma that activate one another
Initial activation by tissue factor or contact activation
Produces a fibrin clot network
This alone is insufficient to stem bleeds

56
Q

What is limited proteolysis

A

Protein is cut into smaller fragments by hydrolysis of peptide bonds
Very specific single cut in a single protein

57
Q

What is the result of thrombosis

A

Tissue death ( ischaemia ), malfunction, pain or swelling of the organ or tissue affected

58
Q

What are the structural differences of veins and arteries

A

Veins: large diameter, thin wall, thin tunica media, low pressure, valves
Arteries: small diameter, thick wall, thick tunica media, high pressure, no valves

59
Q

What are the charcteristics of DVT

A

Under low blood flow
Develops around the valves in the deep veins
May lead to Pulmonary embolism

60
Q

What are the charcteristics of Pulmonary embolism

A

Small part of DVT breaks off (embolus)
This travels via the veins, right atrium and right ventricle to the lungs
The embolus blocks an artery in the lung leading to lung tissue infarction

61
Q

What are the risk factors for venous thrombosis

A 
Immobilization
surgery
cancer
pregnancy
oral contraceptives
genetic risk factors
62
Q

What are the natural inhibitors of coagulation

A

Antithrombin
Tissue factor pathway inhibitor
Activated protein C
Protein S

63
Q

What is activated protein C resistance

A

Factor V Leiden

Point mutation in the factor V gene which increases the risk of DVT

64
Q

What is arterial thrombosis

A

Caused by atherosclerosis
Triggered by rupture of the atherosclerotic plaque
precipitating event in myocardial infarction and ischaemic stroke

65
Q

What are the risk factors of arterial thrombosis

A 
advanced age
smoking
diabetes
hypertension
cholesterol
poor diet
lack of exercise
66
Q

How is arterial thrombosis treated

A

Statins
Antiplatelets: aspirin, anti aIIbB3, Anti P2Y
Fibrinolytic
Preventative measures:
Longterm anticoagulation: warfarin, direct thrombin inhibitors
Heparin

67
Q

How is Venous thrombosis treated

A

Heparin
Warfarin
Direct thrombin inhibitors

Y1 IMS (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions