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Blood Flashcards

1
Q

What is blood

A

Viscous fluid that is pumped around the body by the heart and vascular system

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2
Q

What types of cells make up blood

A

Red blood cells
White cells
Platelets
plasma

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3
Q

How much blood is in the body

A

5 litres

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4
Q

What is the function of arteries

A

brings blood from the heart to organs and tissues

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5
Q

What is the function of veins

A

returns blood from the organs and tissues to the heart

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6
Q

What are arterioles, venues and capillaries

A

small blood vessels in the organs/tissues which have a small diameter and therefore maximise blood-tissue interaction

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7
Q

How quickly is all the blood pumped around the body

A

in 1 minute

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8
Q

What is the process of the blood when it travels through the heart

A

Vena cava -> right atrium -> right ventricle -> pulmonary artery-> lungs-> pulmonary vein-> left atrium-> left ventricle->aorta -> rest of the body

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9
Q

What are the functions of the blood

A 
Hydration of tissues and organs
Delivery of oxygen to tissues and organs
Provision of nutrients to tissues and organs
To fight infection
Regulation of body temp and pH
Distribution of endocrine hormones
To prevent its own blood loss
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10
Q

What is the difference between paracrine and endocrine hormones

A

Paracrine hormones are secreted to adjacent cells

Endocrine hormones make use of the blood to transport to far away target hormones

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11
Q

Where do blood cell derive from

A

One common progenitor cell in the bone marrow called the multi potential haematopoietic stem cell

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12
Q

What are the two major lineages of blood cells

A

myeloid and lymphoid

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13
Q

What cells are found in the blood from the myeloid cell line

A

Megakaryocyte-> thrombocytes
Erythrocyte
Mast cell
Myeloblast-> basophil, neutrophil, eosinophil, monocyte -> macrophage

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14
Q

What cells are found in the blood from the lymphoid cell line

A

Natural killer cell

Small lymphocyte-> t lymphocyte, b lymphocyte -> plasma cell

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15
Q

What happens if incompatible blood groups are mixed

A

Antibodies react with antigens on the red blood cell membrane cause haemolytic which is red blood cell rupture

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16
Q

How are blood groups classified

A

based on different antigens present on the red blood cell membrane

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17
Q

What are the ABO blood groups classified by and what are the types

A

carbohydrate antigen on the red blood cell membrane

A, B, AB, O

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18
Q

What blood types are the universal donor and universal recipient of blood

A

Universal donor: O

Universal recipient: AB

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19
Q

What blood types are the universal donor and universal recipient of plasma

A

Universal donor: AB

Universal recipient: O

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20
Q

What are the symptoms of acute haemolytic reaction

A 
Chills, fever
Increased heart rate
Constricting pain in chest
Hypotension, uncontrollable bleeding
Heat sensation in transfused vein
Pain in lumbar region
Hyperbillirubinemia
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21
Q

What classifies Rhesus blood group and what are the two types

A

transmembrane protein antigen present on the Red blood cell membrane
Rh+ and Rh-

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22
Q

What are the diseases of blood plasma related to

A

Bleeding
Thrombosis
Heriditary angiodema
Complement deficiency

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23
Q

What are diseases of blood cells

A 
Haematological malignancies
Sickle cell anaemia
Thalassaemia
Haemoglobinopathies
Leukemia
Thombocytopenia
Infection
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24
Q

What is thombosis and what are the two types

A

Formation of a blood clot inside a vessel, blocking the circulation
Venous
Arterial

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25
What is neoplasia
Process of uncontrolled cell growth
26
What are the two classes of genes involved in neoplasia
Oncogenes | Tumour suppressor genes
27
How are haematological malignancies classified
Blood cell lineage: myeloid, lymphoid Location: leukaemia, lymphoma Acute/chronic Many subtypes
28
What is the lymphatic system
A drainage system which run in parallel with the blood system to remove toxins
29
What is anaemia
Low levels of haemoglobin
30
What causes acquired anaemia
Iron deficiency Vitamin B12 deficiency Folate deficiency Blood loss
31
What causes iron deficiency
``` Diet Blood loss Infection Growth spurts Pregnancy ```
32
What is haemolytic anaemia
Bone marrow unable to replace red blood cells quickly enough as red blood cell life span is decreased
33
What are the three types of inherited haemolytic anaemia
Red blood cell cytoskeletal defects Red blood cell enzyme defects Haemoglobin defects
34
What is sickle cell disease
Point mutation in Hb Distortion of red blood cells Doesn't absorb as much oxygen
35
What is a sickle cell crisis
Blockage of microvascularture as sickle cells join together
36
What is thalassemia
Large deletions of a-globin or Point mutations in the B-globin gene
37
What are the different types of bleeding
Spontaneous Induced Major Minor
38
What is an abdominal aortic aneurysm
Progressive dilation of the abdominal aorta inferior to the renal and superior to the iliac arteries High risk of aneurysm if becomes too large
39
What are primary causes of spontaneous bleeding
coagulation factor deficiency or haemophilia Vitamin k deficiency Thrombocytopenia
40
What causes vitamin K deficiency and what can reverse it
``` malabsorption Occurs in liver disease Occurs in newborn infants Due to oral anticoagulant over dose Vitamin K administration ```
41
Why is Vitamin K essential for normal haemostasis
Plays a critical role in the formation of Gla-domains in key coagulation factors which bind negatively charged cell membranes
42
What is haemophilia A
Deficiency in factor 8
43
What is haemophilia B
Deficiency of Factor 9
44
What are the standard coagulation assays
``` Prothrombin time (PT Activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) ```
45
What is prothrombin time
uses tissue factor as a trigger measures the extrinsic pathway prolonged PT in F7 deficiency Used in INR monitoring of oral anticoagulants
46
What is activated partial thromboplastin time
Uses silica as a trigger Measures intrinsic pathway Prolonged in F8 F9 F11 and F12 deficiency
47
What is the inheritance pattern of haemophilia
X-linked recessive
48
What is Von Willebrand disease
Deficiency of vWF
49
What are the three types of von willebrand disease and what are their inheritance patterns
``` heterozygous (autosomal dominant) functional deficiency (autosomal dominant) complete deficiency (autosomal recessive) ```
50
What is Von Willebrand factor
Large multimeric glycoprotein Stabilises F8 Involved in platelet adhesion and aggregation Produced by endothelial cell in weibel-palade bodies
51
What is thombocytopenia
Loss of blood platelets
52
What is thrombasthenia
Dysfunction of blood platelets
53
What are the main processes involved in stopping bleeding
Vasoconstriction Primary haemostasis: platelet activation and aggregation Secondary haemostasis: Coagulation pathway activation
54
What is the primary haemostatic response
Platelets are activated by collagen and thrombin -> undergo a shape change -> clump together (aggregate) to forma coagulum This alone is insufficient to stem bleeds
55
What is the secondary haemostatic response
Coagulation ( clotting) Involves a cascade of proteolytic enzymes in the plasma that activate one another Initial activation by tissue factor or contact activation Produces a fibrin clot network This alone is insufficient to stem bleeds
56
What is limited proteolysis
Protein is cut into smaller fragments by hydrolysis of peptide bonds Very specific single cut in a single protein
57
What is the result of thrombosis
Tissue death ( ischaemia ), malfunction, pain or swelling of the organ or tissue affected
58
What are the structural differences of veins and arteries
Veins: large diameter, thin wall, thin tunica media, low pressure, valves Arteries: small diameter, thick wall, thick tunica media, high pressure, no valves
59
What are the charcteristics of DVT
Under low blood flow Develops around the valves in the deep veins May lead to Pulmonary embolism
60
What are the charcteristics of Pulmonary embolism
Small part of DVT breaks off (embolus) This travels via the veins, right atrium and right ventricle to the lungs The embolus blocks an artery in the lung leading to lung tissue infarction
61
What are the risk factors for venous thrombosis
``` Immobilization surgery cancer pregnancy oral contraceptives genetic risk factors ```
62
What are the natural inhibitors of coagulation
Antithrombin Tissue factor pathway inhibitor Activated protein C Protein S
63
What is activated protein C resistance
Factor V Leiden | Point mutation in the factor V gene which increases the risk of DVT
64
What is arterial thrombosis
Caused by atherosclerosis Triggered by rupture of the atherosclerotic plaque precipitating event in myocardial infarction and ischaemic stroke
65
What are the risk factors of arterial thrombosis
``` advanced age smoking diabetes hypertension cholesterol poor diet lack of exercise ```
66
How is arterial thrombosis treated
Statins Antiplatelets: aspirin, anti aIIbB3, Anti P2Y Fibrinolytic Preventative measures: Longterm anticoagulation: warfarin, direct thrombin inhibitors Heparin
67
How is Venous thrombosis treated
Heparin Warfarin Direct thrombin inhibitors

Y1 IMS (9 decks)

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