Blood

Question 1

Blood is roughly 20% extracellular water. True or false?

Answer 1

True

Question 2

What is plasma?

Answer 2

Fluid left after the removal of cells

Question 3

What is serum?

Answer 3

Fluid left after removal of fibrinogen and haemostatic proteins

Question 4

What is haematocrit?

Answer 4

Fraction of blood volume composed of erythrocytes

Question 5

Erythrocytes are denser than other components in the blood. True or false?

Answer 5

True

Question 6

What are the three proteins found in plasma?

Answer 6

Albumin
Fibrinogen
Globulins

Question 7

What is the most abundant single protein in plasma?

Answer 7

Albumin

Question 8

Which protein component in plasma is important in blood clotting?

Answer 8

Fibrinogen

Question 9

What are the most abundant cells in whole blood?

Answer 9

Erythrocytes (RBC)

Question 10

Are thrombocytes smaller or larger than erythrocytes?

Answer 10

Smaller

Question 11

Do platelets (thrombocytes) have a nucleus?

Answer 11

No

Question 12

What is the average lifetime for an erythrocyte?

Answer 12

120 days

Question 13

What is the average lifetime for a thrombocyte?

Answer 13

10 days

Question 14

What is the process of erythrocyte destruction?

Answer 14

Lose cytoplasmic enzymes, as they circulate in blood and mechanical damage makes them fragile
Damaged cells filtered out by spleen
Cell fragments taken up by macrophages

Question 15

What is haematopoiesis?

Answer 15

The formation of new blood cells to maintain blood tissue

Question 16

Active haemopoietic marrow is found in all bones of adults. True or false?

Answer 16

False - all bones of children up to 5

Question 17

After age of 20, where is active haemopoietic marrow found?

Answer 17

Sternum, vertebrae, ribs and pelvis

Question 18

What stimulates differentiation of stem cells?

Answer 18

Haematopoietic growth factors

Question 19

Bone marrow directly senses the need for more erythrocytes. True or false?

Answer 19

False

Question 20

What is erythropoietin and where is it released from?

Answer 20

It is the HGF that stimulates erythrocyte production.

Certain cells in the kidneys in response to low oxygen levels in the blood.

Question 21

What is anaemia?

Answer 21

A reduced oxygen carrying capacity in the blood

Question 22

Anaemia is caused by a low haemoglobin concentration. True or false?

Answer 22

True

Question 23

How would a medic detect anaemia?

Answer 23

A blood haematocrit of less than 40%

Question 24

Destruction of bone marrow can lead to anaemia. True or false?

Answer 24

True

Question 25

How can kidney disease lead to anaemia?

Answer 25

Failure to produce erythropoietin

Question 26

What are the steps in response to blood vessel damage?

Answer 26

Vascular spasm
Formation of platelet plug
Blood coagulation
Formation of fibrous tissue

Question 27

What happens in vascular spasm?

Answer 27

Instrinsic mechanisms trigger a constriction of vessels which increases resistance to blood flow
Vasoconstrictors released by damaged tissues and activated platelets
Less blood flows to area and so less blood is lost

Question 28

What is the process of blood coagulation?

Answer 28

Polymerisation of fibrinogen into fibrin

Question 29

Extrinsic pathway initiates clot formation and the intrinsic pathway maintains it. True or false?

Answer 29

True

Question 30

Where are kupffer cells found and what is their role?

Answer 30

Liver - remove activated factors to prevent harmful clotting