Blood Flashcards
1
Q
name the blood stainings
A
- eosin/methylene blue (Romanovsky)
- red (acidic) blue (basic) for staining specific granules (azurophilic – lysosomes)
2
Q
describe components of blood
A
- blood = 55% plasma and 45% formed elements
- plasma
- 91.5% water
- 8.5% solutes
- principal solutes = albumins, globulins, fibrinogen
3
Q
describe functions of albumin, globulin and fibrinogen
A
- albumin
- maintain blood osmotic pressure
- globulins (immunoglobulins)
- antibodies bind to foreign substances called antigens
- fibrinogen
- for clotting
4
Q
name the formed elements of blood
A
- erthyrocytes (red blood cells)
- leukocyes (white blood cells)
- granular
- neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
- agranular
- lymphocytes = T cells, B cells and natural killer cells
- monocytes
- granular
- thrombocytes (platelets) – special cell fragments
5
Q
name percentages of the formed elements
A
- neutrophils 60-70%
- lymphocytes 20-25%
- monocytes 3-8%
- eosinophils 2-4%
- basophils .5-1.0%
6
Q
describe erythrocytes
A
- proerythoblasts give rise to immature RBC called reticulocytes
- once in circulation they become erythrocytes
- stains uniformly with eosin
- 4 proteins: band 4, band 3, ankyrin and spectrin important in maintaining shape
7
Q
describe hemoglobin
A
- composed of globin (made up of 4 highly folded polypeptide chains) + 4 heme groups (with iron)
- each molecule can carry 4 molecules of O2
8
Q
describe leukocytes
A
white blood cells or WBCs, which are nucleated cells
- granular leukocytes include eosinophils, basophils and neutrophils based on the staining of the specific granules
- agranular leukocytes do not have specific cytoplasmic granules and include lymphocytes and monocytes
9
Q
describe function of leukocytes
A
- WBCs leave the blood stream by emigration
- rolling, adhesion and transmigration – brought about by arteriolar dilatation and post capillary venule leakage
- the chemical attraction of WBCs to a disease or injury site is termed chemotaxis
10
Q
describe the emigration and phagocytosis of leukocytes
A
- WBCs roll along endothelium, stick to it and squeeze between cells
- adhesion molecules (selectins) helps WBCs stick to endothelium
- molecules (integrins) found on neutrophils assist in movement through wall
- neutrophils and macrophages phagocytize bacteria + debris
- chemotaxis of both
- kinins from injury site and toxins
- chemotaxis of both
11
Q
describe levels of hematocrit in males vs females
A
- female normal range = 42%
- male normal range = 46%
- anemia = not enough RBCs or not enough hemoglobin
- polycythemia = too many RBCs (over 65%), caused by dehydration, hypoxia, blood doping in athletes
12
Q
describe neutrophils (granulocyte)
A
- polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN)
- young cells called band cells because of horseshoe shaped nucleus (band)
- older cells have more lobes
- 60-70% of circulating leukocytes
- Barr body found in neutrophils
13
Q
name the function of neutrophils
A
- fastest response of all leukocytes to bacteria
- recognize bacteria and other infectious agents
- direct action against bacteria:
- release lysozymes which destroy/digest bacteria
- release defensin proteins that act like antibiotics and poke holes in bacterial cell walls destroying them
- release strong oxidants (hypochlorous acid) that destroy bacteria
14
Q
describe eosinophils (granulocytes)
A
- nucleus is bi-lobed
- 4 major proteins:
- Major Basic Protein (MBP), imparts acidophilia to the cells
- other proteins - ECP - eosinophil cationic protein
- EPO - eosinophil peroxidase
- EDN - eosinophil derived neurotoxin
- 2-4% of circulating leukocytes
15
Q
name functions of eosinophils
A
- leave capillaries to enter tissue fluid
- MBP, ECP and EPO - impart cytotoxic effect on protozoans and helminthic parasites
- Release histaminase which neutralizes histamine
- Arylsulphatase neutralizes leukotrienes produced by basophils and mast cells
- hydrolysis of antibody-antigen complexes internalized by eosinophils
