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Anatomy 162 Midterm 3 > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

Body fluids are divided in to two major compartments, those compartments are?

A

Intracellular-makes up approximately 2/3 if the body fluids by volume and it includes all fluids inside the cells

Extracellular-makes up approximately 1/3 of the body fluids by volume and it includes all fluids outside the cells

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2
Q

Extracellular fluids are further divided in to what?

A

Interstital Fluid and Plasma

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3
Q

What is interstitial fluid?

A

Interstitial fluid includes the fluids between cells, lymph, serious fluid, synovial fluid and cerebrospinal fluid. Interstitial fluid constitutes 80% of extracellular fluids

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4
Q

What is plasma?

A

Plasma includes the liquid portion of blood. Plasma constitutes 20% of extracellular fluids

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5
Q

What does blood consist of?

A

45% formed elements (blood cells) and 55% of a liquid portion called plasma (extracellular matrix)

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6
Q

What is the hematocrit (HCT)?

A

the ratio of the volume of red blood cells to the total volume of blood.
A blood sample is usually about 45% red blood cells by volume

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7
Q

What is the range of blood pH?

A

7.35-7.45 (slightly alkalinic)

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8
Q

What is the average amount of blood in an adult?

A

5 liters

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9
Q

What is the texture of blood?

A

Viscous, slightly sticky to touch and 3-4 times thicker than water

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10
Q

Blood servers mainly as a transport system in the body; what does it transport?

A

Nutrients, Oxygen, Carbon dioxide, Wastes, Heat, Hormones, Antibodies, and Clotting factors to seal a break in a blood vessel

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11
Q

What are the functions of plasma?

A
  • Transportation of gases and nutrients

- Regulation of pH, temperature, and hydration

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12
Q

What does plasma consist of?

A
  • Water
  • Plasma Proteins including albumin, globulins, and fibrinogen
  • Plasma Nutrients
  • Blood gases including oxygen and carbon dioxide
  • Waste products including urea from protein metabolism
  • Plasma electrolytes
  • Hormones, enzymes and vitamins
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13
Q

What is albumin?

A

Albumin is a plasma protein that helps to maintain the proper osmotic pressure of the blood, it is the most plentiful plasma protein

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14
Q

What are the 2 different globulins?

A
  • Prothrombin that plays a role in blood clotting

- Gamma globulin that are antibodies

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15
Q

What is fibrinogens role?

A

It plays a role in blood clotting

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16
Q

What do plasma nutrients include?

A
  • Amino acids from protein digestion
  • Monosaccharides from carb digestion
  • Fatty acids from lipid digestion
  • These nutrients have been absorbed from the digestive system and are being transported to body cells.
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17
Q

What do the plasma electrolytes include?

A 
Sodium
Chloride
Potassium
Calcium 
Hydrogen
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18
Q

What are the most abundant electrolytes?

A

Sodium and Chloride

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19
Q

What is the function of the plasma electrolytes?

A

They function to maintain osmotic pressure and pH of the blood.

20
Q

What are the three types of blood cells found in the blood?

A
  • Erythrocytes (red blood cells)
  • Leukocytes (white blood cells)
  • Thrombocytes (platelets)
21
Q

What is the function of hemoglobin?

A

Hemoglobin is the molecule that transports oxygen and carbon dioxide

  • When hemoglobin combines with oxygen the resulting oxyhemoglobin is bright red
  • When oxygen is released from hemoglobin the deoxyhemoglobin is a darker blue red
22
Q

Where are erythrocytes formed?

A

Red bone marrow

23
Q

Identify two vitamins required for erythrocyte production.

A

Vitamin B12 and Folic Acid

24
Q

What does erythropoietin secreted from the kidneys regulate?

A

Erythrocyte formation

25
Q

What is required for hemoglobin synthesis?

A

Iron

26
Q

What is the function of erythrocytes?

A

Transport oxygen to the cells and remove carbon dioxide

27
Q

What is the normal red blood cell count?

A

4-6 million cells/ml

28
Q

What is the lifespan of an average erythrocyte?

A

120 days

29
Q

Where are erythrocytes destroyed?

A

By macrophages in the liver and spleen

30
Q

True or False- Leukocytes are the only blood cells that contain a nuclei.

A

True

31
Q

What 2 categories are leukocytes divided in to based on the nature of their cytoplasm?

A

Granulocytes and agranulocytes

32
Q

What are leukocytes functions in the body?

A
  • Neutrophils and monocytes phagocytize bacteria, toxins and debris
  • Lymphocytes produce antibodies for immunity
  • Eosinophils and basophils play a role in allergic reactions
  • Eosinophils control inflammation
  • Basophils release heparin, histamine, and serotonin
33
Q

Where are leukocytes formed?

A

Red Bone Marrow

34
Q

What is the normal white blood cell count?

A

5000-10000 cells/ml

35
Q

What is the average lifespan of leukocytes?

A

Granulocyte- 12 hours

Agranulocyte- Months to years

36
Q

Where are leukocytes destroyed?

A

By macrophages in the liver and spleen

37
Q

Where are thrombocytes formed?

A

Red Bone Marrow

38
Q

What is the function of thrombocytes?

A

They function to help close breaks in damaged vessels aiding in controlling blood loss.

39
Q

What is the normal platelet count?

A

150,000- 400,000 cells/ml

40
Q

What is the average lifespan of a thrombocyte?

A

5-10 days

41
Q

Where are thrombocytes destroyed?

A

By macrophages in the liver and spleen

42
Q

What is hemostasis?

A

The stoppage of bleeding

43
Q

What are the three mechanisms of hemostasis?

A
  • vascular spasm
  • platelet plug formation
  • coagulation
44
Q

When does a vascular spasm occur?

A

When a blood vessel is damaged the smooth muscle in its wall contracts causing a vascular spasm and lessens the loss of blood

45
Q

Describe the function of the platelet plug.

A

When a blood vessel is damaged the platelets stick to the exposed collagen fibres and then to one another. These platelets form a plug that will stop the loss of blood if the damage to the vessel is only minimal

46
Q

List the steps of coagulation (blood clotting).

A

1) Injured tissues and platelet plug release prothrombin activator
2) Prothrombin activator and calcium convert prothrombin to thrombin
3) Thrombin and calcium convert fibrinogen to fibrin
* Prothrombin and fibrinogen are plasma proteins that require vitamin K for their formation
4) Fibrin threads stick to exposed surfaces of blood vessel wall producing a meshwork
5) Blood cells and platelets become entangled in the meshwork
6) The end product of these steps is a clot which is insoluble in blood plasma
7) Clot retraction occurs
8) Healing continues and the plasminogen is activated to the enzyme plasmin which dissolves the clot by digesting the fibrin threads

47
Q

What are the two major blood types?

A

ABO and Rh

Anatomy 162 Midterm 3 (9 decks)

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