Blood Flashcards
What are the formed elements Made of?
Erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets
What is the percentage of hematocrit?
45%
What is the normal pH of blood?
7.35 - 7.45
What is the normal temperature of blood?
38°C
What is the percentage of plasma?
55%
distribution is what?
Oxygen from the lungs and nutrients from the digestive tract, metabolic wastes from cells to the lungs for eliminations, hormones from endocrine glands to target organs.
Regulation is what?
Body temperature, absorbs and distributes heat, normal pH in body tissue using buffer systems, adequate fluid volume in the circulatory system
Protection?
Prevents blood loss and prevents infection
Plasma composition
60% albumin, 36% globulins, 4% fibrinogen
Function of electrolytes?
Helps Maintain Plasma osmotic pressure And normal blood pH
Function of albumin
It is the main contributor to osmotic pressure
Function of globulins
36% of plasma proteins (contribute to osmotic pressure and maintain water balance in blood and tissue)
Function of fibrinogen
Forms fibrin threads (mesh) of a blood clot
Function of nutrients
Materials absorbed from digestive tract and transported for use throughout body
Function of gases
Oxygen and carbon dioxide (energy)
Function of hormones
Steroid and thyroid hormones carried by plasma proteins turn something on or off
Where does uric acid come from?
Uric acid comes from eating too much proteins (amino acids it is the breakdown of purine)
Where does urea come from?
Urea is produced in the liver (breaks down amino acid)
Where does creatinine come from?
From using your muscles (breaks down energy)
Erythrocytes shape
Biconcave discs, anucleate, no organelles
Erythrocytes function
Dedicated to respiratory gas transport. Hemoglobin binds up to four oxygen molecules and transports the oxygen.
Erythrocytes
Filled with hemoglobin (protein that functions in gas transport) contains plasma membrane proteins spectrin and other protein helps with their flexibility and allows them to change shape
Oxyhemoglobin
Hemoglobin bound to oxygen (oxygen loading takes place in the lungs)
Deoxyhemoglobin
Hemoglobin after oxygen diffuses into tissues (reduced hemoglobin)
Carbaminohemoglobin
Hemoglobin bound to carbon dioxide (CO2 takes place in the tissues)
Hematopoiesis
Produces formed elements. Occurs in red bone marrow of the axial skeleton and girdles the epiphysis of the humerus and femur
Hemocytoblast
Stem cell- gives rise to all formed elements
Reticulocytes
Young erythrocytes, named for the reticulum or network of clumped ribosomes, Account for 1 to 2% of all erythrocytes. Reticulocyte count provide rough index of the rate of RBC formation
Erythropoiesis
Production of erythrocytes, hormonally controlled depends on an adequate supply of iron, amino acids, and B vitamins
Tissue hypoxia
Too few erythrocytes
Blood viscosity
Too many erythrocytes
Erythropoiesis regulation
Circulating erythrocytes number remains constant and reflects a balance between red blood cell production and destruction
Erythropoietin (EPO)
Released by kidneys (hormonal control)
Erythropoiesis Homeostatic imbalance
Kidney failure results in too little EPO production
What happens to old erythrocytes?
Become rigid and fragile and their hemoglobin begins to degenerate
What happens to old Heme?
It’s degraded to Bilirubin (yellow pigment)
what would happen to levels of bilirubin in a person with severe liver disease?
The bilirubin levels would rise
Hemorrhagic anemia
Result of acute or chronic loss of blood
Hemolytic anemia
Prematurely ruptured red blood cells
Aplastic anemia
Destruction or inhibition of red bone marrow
Iron-deficiency anemia
Secondary result hemorrhagic anemia, not eating enough iron containing foods, impaired iron absorption, Red blood cells appear small, pale=microcytes
Pernicious anemia
Deficiency of vitamin B 12, lack of intrinsic factor in intestinal mucosa needed to absorb B 12, red blood cells are large and pale=macrocytes
Thalassemia
Absent or faulty globin chain in hemoglobin, RBCs are thin, delicate and hemoglobin deficient
Sickle cell anemia
Defective gene coding for an abnormal hemoglobin called hemoglobins (Hbs) single amino acid sub in beta chain, RBCs become sickle shaped when they unload O2 or low oxygen
Polycythemia Vera
Bone marrow cancer
Secondary polycythemia
Increased EPO production because of high-altitude
Leukocytes
Only blood components that are complete cells, less numerous than red blood cells and make up less than 1% of total blood volume, they move through tissue spaces by amoeboid motion
Diapedesis
The way White blood cells leave capillaries
Positive chemotaxis
Signals white blood cells to a specific site
Leukocytosis
WBC count goes up because of an infection
Never let monkeys eat bananas
The most to least abundant neutrophil lymphocyte monocyte eosinophil basophil
“Bacteria slayers”
Neutrophil
T cells and B cells
Lymphocyte
Which granulocytes and which are agranulocyte? How can you tell the difference?
Granulocyte: neutrophils, eosinophil, basophils
agranulocyte: lymphocytes monocyte
agranulocyte lack visible cytoplasmic granules
Peroxidase
Protein-based enzyme that acts as a catalyst of oxidation of some organic substrate
Hydrolytic enzymes
Break down proteins, carbs and fat molecules into their simplest unit
Defensins
Antibiotic like protein. anti microbial protein
Mast cells
Granulated cells similar to basophil. cluster with white blood cells & detect foreign substances, in tissue spaces and initiates local inflammatory responses against them
T cells
Part of the immune response that attack cells infected by viruses “fighters”
B cells
Give rise to plasma cells which produce antibodies “stay in bone marrow”
Macrophages
Highly mobile and actively phagocytic, activate lymphocytes to mount an immune response. they eat dead RBCs
Leukopoiesis
Production of leukocytes
Cytokines
Cell movement, act as chemical messenger
Interleukins
Stimulate growth and maturation of white blood cells
CSFs Colony stimulating factor
Stimulate growth and maturation of white blood cells (more like a group) named for the leukocytes they stimulate
Myelocytic leukemia
Involves myeloblasts
Lymphocytic leukemia
Involves lymphocytes
Acute leukemia
Involves blast type cells and primarily affects children
Chronic leukemia
Is more prevalent in older people
Mononucleosis
“Mono” Cause By Epstein-Barr virus marked by excessive agranulocyte, no cure, must run its course
symptoms: achy, rundown, sore throat, low-grade fever
Platelets
Fragments of megakaryocyte, granules contain serotonin,CA2+, enzymes, ADP (PDGF) function in clotting mechanism by forming temporary plug. Those not involved in clotting are kept inactive by NO and prostacyclin
Megakaryocyte
Fragments of extraordinary large cells, platelets come from the breakdown of these cells
Hemostasis
Fast series of reactions for stoppage of bleeding
Hemostasis 3 phases
- Vascular spasms- immediate vasoconstriction in response to injury
- platelet plug formation
- coagulation (blood clotting)
What is the difference between cohesion and adhesion?
Cohesion the joining of like particles
adhesion is the joining of unlike particles
Coagulation
Set of reaction in which blood is transformed from liquid to a gel, follows intrinsic and extrinsic pathways
Coagulation 3 steps
- Prothrombin activator is formed
- prothrombin converted into thrombin (an enzyme)
- Thrombin catalyzes the joining us fibrinogen into a fibrin mesh which glues platelets together (needs vitamin K)
What is the difference between thrombus and embolus?
Thrombus a stuck blood clot
embolus is a freely moving thrombus
Clot retraction
Stabilization of the clot by squeezing Serum from the fibrin strands compacting the clot
repair
Fibroblasts form a connective tissue patch
PDGF platelet-derived growth factor
Stimulates rebuilding of blood vessel wall
VEGF Vascular endothelial growth factor
Multiply and restore the epithelial lining
Fibrinolysis
A process by which unneeded clots are removed after healing
Plasmin
“Clot-buster” produced from plasminogen which digests the fibrin web
tPA
Tissue plasminogen activator activates the plasma protein plasminogen which is incorporated with the forming clot which is dormant until activated
Briefly explain what keeps platelets from sticking to capillary walls?
The walls are smooth and produce nitric oxide and prostacyclin
Prostacyclin is an inner lining that prevents platelets from sticking
Briefly explain what makes platelets stick to capillary walls?
Platelets attached to a protein called VWF
Heparin
Anticoagulant, also inhibits thrombin activity, is used for pre-and postoperative cardiac care
Antithrombin III
Inactivates thrombin not bound to fibrin
Smooth endothelial lining
Prevents platelet adhesion
Aspirin
An anti prostaglandin that inhibits thromboxane A2
Warfarin (Coumadin)
Used for those prone to atrial fibrillation (b/c blood pools in the heart) interferes with vitamin k producing procoagulants
Hemostasis disorder
Pulmonary emboli can impair ability of the body to obtain oxygen, cerebral emboli can cause strokes, coronary thrombosis, carotid artery thrombosis
DIC
Disseminated intravascular coagulations- widespread clotting intact blood vessels, residuals blood unable to clot blockage of blood flow and severe bleeding follows
“Common in pregnancy”
Thrombocytopenia
Condition where the # of circulating platelets is deficient, platelet count less than 50,000/mm3, caused by suppression or destruction of bone marrow, treated with whole blood transfusion
Petechiae
Purple spots caused from wide spread hemorrhage
Hemophilia
Hereditary bleeding disorder caused by lack of clotting factors. Hemophilia A most common. Hemophilia B & C
X-linked disorders
Hemophilia A & B
comes from the mother goes to the son
Human blood groups
RBCs membranes have glycoprotein antigens on external surfaces. Antigens are unique to individual. Recognized as foreign if transfused into another individual, promoters of agglutination and are referred to as agglutinogens
Agglutination
Particles clumping together
Autologous transfusion?
Blood is removed from the donor, stored and returned to the same donor circulation
What causes erythroblastosis fetalis? how can we prevent it?
Develops in an unborn baby when the mother and baby have different blood types. the mothers antibodies attack the babies Red blood cells if it’s Rh compatibility the mother takes RhoGAM a certain times during pregnancy
Who is considered the theoretical universal recipient?
AB+
Who is considered the theoretical universal donor?
O-
What would a larger than normal Buffy coat indicate?
Leukemia, or infection
What would a high eosinophil count indicate?
A parasitic disease or allergic response
What would a low prothrombin time indicate?
A lack of clotting factor problem
What would pale colored blood indicate
Iron-deficiency anemia or pernicious anemia
Diagnostic blood test
Microscopic examination and chemical analysis
