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Histology > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

What is blood?

A

A special connective tissue

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2
Q

What is the origin of blood?

A

Mesenchymal cells

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3
Q

What is the function of blood?

A

1) nutrient and oxygen delivery
2) waste and carbon dioxide removal
3) immune protection
4) circulation contributes to temperature regulation

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4
Q

What are the components in blood?

A

Erythrocytes
Leukocytes
Thrombocytes
Plasma

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5
Q

What are erythroctes involved in?

A

02 and C02 exchange

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6
Q

What are leukocytes used for?

A

immune responses

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7
Q

What is the function of thrombocytes?

A

Blood clotting

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8
Q

What is plasma ?

A

proteinaceous solution in which erythrocytes, leukocytes and thrombocytes circulate in

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9
Q

What are the advantages of a biconcave shape for erythrocytes?

A

1) Provides maximum surface to volume ratio for optimal gas exchange
2) Provides for flexibility for maneuvering through capillaries

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10
Q

What is the average life span of erythrocytes?

A

120 days

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11
Q

What constitutes a “worn out” erythrocyte?

A

1) probably due to a diminishing efficiency of cell surface ion pumps
2) loses ability to regulate volume and subsequently swells
3) eventually removed by splenic macrophages

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12
Q

What is hemoglobin?

A

1) iron-containing heme groups conjugated to globin

2) when rbc’s are removed, iron is recycled and the rest is excreted as bilirubin

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13
Q

What is carbonic anhydrase?

A

facilitates C02 uptake in tissues anq C02 discharge in the lungs

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14
Q

Are there nucleus and organelles in erythrocytes?

A

No, expelled during erythropoiesis

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15
Q

What is the surface chemistry of erythrocytes?

A

cell membrane glycolipids and glycoproteins involved in ABO blood typing

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16
Q

What is anemia?

A

1)any significant decrease in blood concentration of hemoglobin due to:
• reduction in total number of circulating erythrocytes
• reduction in hemoglobin content in each individual erythrocyte
2) reduced oxygen carrying capacity leaves person chronically tired

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17
Q

What is polycythemia

A

1) any significant increase in circulating erythrocyte number
2) increases viscosity of blood and hence workload on heart

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18
Q

What is a reticulocyte?

A

immature erythrocyte found in peripheral blood, contains some residual RNA

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19
Q

What are thrombocytes derived from?

A

Megakaryocytes

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20
Q

How much of the total body platelets circulate the body at one time? and how many are left in the spleen?

A

2/3 circulate the body

1/3 are in red pulp of spleen

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21
Q

What is the maximum circulation time for platelets?

A

about 10 days

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22
Q

What do thromboytes contain?

A

Various clotting factors
Platelet derived growth factor (promotes proliferation of fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells )
Serotonin (vasoconstrictor)

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23
Q

Do thrombocytes have a nucleus?

A

No nucleus is present in these fragments of cytoplasm

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24
Q

How do circulating platelets adhere to vascular wall components of damaged endothelium?

A

1) via integrins (IMP’s with binding specificity for fibronectin)
2) fibronectin is a tissue matrix protein that binds to collagen

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25
Q

When multiple platelets adhere to a damaged site it is known as?

A

Platelet aggregation which forms a platelet plug and eliminates further blood loss

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26
Q

What does serotonin do?

A

release causes vasoconstriction by smooth muscle cells and reduces blood loss from damaged vessel

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27
Q

What is fibrinogen converted to and where?

A

Converted to fibrin and on the surface of activated platelets

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28
Q

What replaces the early platelet plug?

A

An insoluble fibrin mass (thrombus)

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29
Q

what is the function of Platelet derived growth factor (PDGF)?

A

1) Release causes proliferation of smooth muscle and fibroblasts
2) step in repairing the damaged wall components

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30
Q

WHat is thrombocytopenia?

A

Platelet deficiency leading to easy bleeding subsequent to minor. trauma

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31
Q

What are leukocytes?

A

White blood cells

32
Q

Where are leukocytes found?

A

Peripheral blood but greatest activity is in connective tissues

33
Q

What is diapedesis?

A

process whereby a wbc leaves the circulatory system and enters CT

34
Q

What are the Granular leukocytes?

A

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils

35
Q

What are the agranular leukocytes?

A

Lymphocytes

Monocytes

36
Q

What are neutrophils?

A

1) typically has a multilobed nucleus (usually 3 - 5 lobes)
very fine, pale pink staining cytoplasmic granules
~ contain hydrolases and anti-bacterial enzymes
2) Other organelles are sparse
3) aboundant amounts of glycogen are present for anaerobic metabolism

37
Q

What is the function of neutrophils?

A

1) circulate in peripheral blood about 10 ho
2) these cells are phagocytic
first line of defense agai~st bacteria
3) respond to chemotaxms

38
Q

What are Eosinophils?

A

1) nucleus usually is bi-lobed

3) intermediate sized, reddish-orange cytoplasmic granules.

39
Q

What is the function of eosinophils

A

these are phagocytic cells with a particular affinity for antigen-antibody complexes
these cells also typically increase in number in certain:
~ parasitic diseases
~ allergic conditions
~ adverse drug reactions

40
Q

What are basophils?

A

Usually bi-lobed nucleus and contain large, deeply basophilic cytoplasmic granules, contain cell surface receptors for IgE antibodies

41
Q

What is the function of basophils?

A

may become involved in systemic allergic responses
~ antigen-lgE interaction with surface receptor triggers granule release
~ may ultimately lead to death
these cells are also mildly phagocytic
related to a tissue cell with similar function (mast cell)

42
Q

What is a lymphocyte?

A

1) nucleus is large and spherical and is very densely heterochromatic
usually only a thin rim of bluish cytoplasm is seen peripheral to the nucleus

43
Q

What is the functions of lymphocytes?

A 
85 % are T lymphocytes
- differentiate in the thymus?
- involved in cell-mediated immunity
15% are B-lymphocytes
- differentiate in the bone marrow 
involved in antibody-mediated immunity 
precursor to plasma cell
44
Q

What are monocytes?

A

1) Largest diameter of all leukocytes (3 RBC)
2) nuclear morphology is variable (“fat horseshoe” to “lumpy-bumpy blob”)
- chromatin is much less dense than lymphocyte chromatin
3) abundant pale blue-gray cytoplasm visible
4) contains typical complement of organelles

45
Q

What is the function of monocytes?

A

1) direct circulating precursor of macrophage

2) limited capacity for phagocytosis in the circulating form

46
Q

What is hematopoiesis?

A

Blood development

47
Q

Do most types of blood cells divide?

A

No, they are highly differentiated and do not divide

48
Q

Where are new blood cells made?

A

Bone Marrow

49
Q

Where are old and worn out blood cells removed?

A

Spleen

50
Q

What happens to monocytes that stay in bone?

A

They typically become osteoclasts

51
Q

What happens to monocytes that typically stay in the blood?

A

They remain as monocytes

52
Q

What is the cell origin of hematopoietic tissues?

A

Mesenchymal cells

53
Q

What is myeloid tissue?

A

1) red bone marrow
2) source of most peripheral blood cells
3) hematopoietic tissue

54
Q

What is lymphoid tissue?

A

1) spleen, thymus, lymph nodes
2) source of some lymphocyte differentiation
3) hematopoietic tissue

55
Q

What happens at 3 weeks gestation regarding blood?

A

Blood islands form (pockets of red blood cells are forming around yolk sac)

56
Q

What happens at 6 weeks gestation regarding blood?

A

liver erythropoiesis begins

57
Q

What happens at 5 months gestation regarding blood?

A

bone marrow begins producing platelets and leukocytes

58
Q

What happens at 7 months gestation regarding blood?

A

bone marrow now begins erythropoiesis as well

59
Q

What happens at birth regarding hematopoiesis?

A

1) bone marrow accomodates all normal blood cell production

2) liver and spleen may participate in times of excessive blood loss

60
Q

What happens during growth regarding hematopoiesis?

A

1) hematopoietic capacity of bone marrow exceeds even emergency requirements
2) hematopoietic marrow (red marrow) occupies less of total marrow space

61
Q

What happens during skeletal maturity regarding hematopoiesis?

A

1) red marrow is limited to vertebrae, ribs, skull, pelvis and proximal femur
2) remaining marrow spaces fill with fat (yellow marrow)
- these still retain a hematopoietic potential if needed

62
Q

What is a pluripotential stem cell?

A

1) True stem cell
2) capable of regenerating entire hierarchy of blood cell types
3) does so by giving rise to multipotential stem cells
4) also self renews through cell division to create self-sustaining pool of stem cells

63
Q

What are multipotential stem cell?

A

1) Committed stem cell
2) still overtly undifferentiated but slightly more committed
3) CFU-L-gives rise to lymphocytic differentiation
4) CFU-GEMM -gives rise to all the other cell lineages
- granulocytic, ~rythrocytic, monoblastic, megakaryocytic
- single CFU may not give rise to both lines of cell differentiation

64
Q

What is the difference of multipotential stem cells and pluripotential stem cells?

A

Multipotential stem cells are undifferentiated like pluripotential cells but the multipotential cell can only give rise to some blood cell elements but unable to do the entire hierarchy which pluripotential stem cells can make

65
Q

What is a hematopoietic stem cell?

A

Specific stem cell that is the FIRST identifiable cell in each lineage

66
Q

What do lymphoblasts make?

A

lymphocytes

67
Q

What do proerythroblast make?

A

Erythrocytes

68
Q

What do myeloblasts make?

A

granulocytes

69
Q

What do monoblast make?

A

monocytes

70
Q

What do Megakaryoblast make?

A

thrombocytes

71
Q

What is the key development of red blood cells?

A

Proerythroblast (no hemoglobin)
Reticulocyte (has some RNA left)
Erythrocyte

72
Q

What are the important changes occuring during erythropoiesis?

A

1) decreasing cell size
2) hemoglobin content increases
• cytoplasm changes from being basophilic (due to many ribosomes) to being acidophilic (due to hemoglobin)
3) gradual loss of organelles
4) condensation and extrusion of the nucleus

73
Q

What is granulopoiesis?

A

Development of neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils

74
Q

What are the key development of granulopoiesis?

A 
Myeloblast (spherical)
Band cell (sausage or rod-shaped like structure)
Mature granulocyte (pinches off into 2 lobes)
75
Q

What are the important changes occuring during granulopoiesis?

A

1) transition from spherical to rod-shaped to lobed nucleus
2) development of specific granules for each granulocytic lineage
• granules are first seen at myelocyte stage
• granules are identifiable for each granulocyte at metamyelocyte stage

Histology (9 decks)

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