Blood

Question 1

What did Lewisohn do in 1915

Answer 1

Richard Lewisohn added sodium citrate which prevented clotting, don’t need donor and therefore transfusions can be done indirectly, blood could be refrigerated and stored for up to 2 days

Question 2

Who was Geoffrey Keynes?

Answer 2

British doctor and lieutenant in the RAMC
Developed a portable blood transfusion kit for the front line, added a device to regulate the flow of the blood to keep it fresh and prevent clotting, keeping it usable.

Question 3

Why had the risk of being transfused with the wrong blood type been reduced?

Answer 3

Identification of blood types and use of type 0 as a universal donor type

Question 4

What did Francis Rous and James Turner do in 1916

Answer 4

Add citrate glucose solution to blood, store for up to 4 weeks

Question 5

What was Oswald Hope Robertson’s blood bank at Cambrai, 1917

Answer 5

‘Blood depot’
A carrying case for universal blood type that could hold 22 glass bottles, encased in an ammunition box filled with ice and sawdust.
Increased survival rates as soldiers were prevented from going into shock.

Question 6

Who was Lawrence Bruce Robertson

Answer 6

A Canadian doctor who worked at the base hospital at Boulogne.
Developed an indirect method of blood transfusions using a syringe and tube to stop patients from going into shock, keep them alive until surgery.
This became a routine measure in the CCS for the prevention/treatment of shock by 1917

Question 7

Who discovered blood types and when

Answer 7

Karl Landsteiner 1901

Question 8

What were the problems associated with early blood transfusions

Answer 8

Need the same blood type
Immune responses, blood clots, organ failure
Cross species transfusion is deadly
Clot in contact with air