Blood Flashcards
1
Q
Blood helps maintain homeostasis in
several ways:
A
- Transport of gases, nutrients, waste products
- Transport of processed molecules
- Transport of regulatory molecules
- Regulation of pH and osmosis
- Maintenance of body temperature
- Protects against foreign substances such as
microorganisms and toxins - Blood clotting prevents fluid and cell loss and
is part of tissue repair
2
Q
it helps maintain homeostasis in several ways such as:
- Transport of gases, nutrients, waste products
- Transport of processed molecules
and so on
A
Blood
3
Q
it is a connective tissue consisting of plasma
and formed elements
A
Blood
4
Q
it is the body’s only fluid tissue
A
Blood
5
Q
It is composed of liquid plasma and formed
elements
A
Blood
6
Q
Blood is composed of liquid plasma and formed
elements
These Formed Elements include:
A
- Erythrocytes, or red blood cells (RBCs)
- Leukocytes, or white blood cells (WBCs)
- Platelets
7
Q
it is the percentage of RBCs out of the total blood volume
A
Hematocrit
8
Q
Total blood volume is approximately :
A
5 liters
9
Q
(Percentage by body weight)
Other fluids and tissues:
Blood:
A
92%
8%
10
Q
(Percentage by Volume)
Plasma:
Formed Elements:
A
55%
45%
11
Q
it is a sticky, opaque fluid with a metallic taste
A
Blood
12
Q
Color of the blood varies from:
A
scarlet to dark red
13
Q
The pH of blood is
A
7.35–7.45
14
Q
Temperature of a blood is
A
38°C
15
Q
How many percent does the Blood accounts of body weight
?
A
8%
16
Q
Average volume of blood for male and female:
A
5–6 L (1.5 gallons) for males
4–5 L for females
17
Q
Pale yellow fluid containing over 100 solutes
A
Plasma
18
Q
it is mostly water and has a percent of
:
A
Plasma
91%
19
Q
it contains proteins and has percent of:
A
Plasma
7%
20
Q
it has an approximately ___% of plasma protein
A
Albumin
58%
21
Q
it helps to maintain osmotic pressure
A
Albumin
22
Q
it has a an approximate ___ % of plasma proteins
A
Globulins
38%
23
Q
Function of Globulin
A
Immunity: antibodies and complement
Transport: bind to molecules such as hormones
Clotting Factors
24
Q
it is converted to fibrin during clot formation and has a percent of ___ of the plasma proteins
A
Fibrinogen
4%
25
Other substances (2%)
Ions (electrolytes):
sodium
potassium
calcium
chloride
bicarbonate
26
Other substances (2%)
Nutrients:
glucose
carbohydrates
amino acids
27
Other substances (2%)
Waste products:
lactic acid
urea
creatinine
28
Other substances (2%)
Respiratory gases:
oxygen
carbon dioxide
29
acts as a solvent and suspending medium for blood components
water
30
Erythrocytes or
red blood cells (RBCs)
31
About 95% of formed elements
Erythrocytes or red blood cells (RBCs)
32
have no nuclei or organelles
RBCs
33
Leukocytes or
white blood cells (WBCs)
34
Leukocytes or
white blood cells (WBCs)
35
Only ___ are complete cells
WBCs
36
Just cell fragments
Platelets
37
Most formed elements survive in the bloodstream for only a ___
few days
38
Most blood cells do not divide but are renewed
by stem cells called ______ in bone marrow
hemocytoblasts
39
blood cell production
Hematopoiesis
40
Some white blood cells are produced in
lymphatic tissues
41
it give rise to all formed elements
Hemocytoblasts
42
it determine the type of formed element derived from the stem cell
Growth factors
43
___, ____, essentially no organelles
Biconcave discs
anucleate
44
___ are dedicated to respiratory gas transport
RBCs
45
it filled with hemoglobin (Hb), a protein that functions in gas transport
RBCs
46
a protein that functions in gas transport
hemoglobin (Hb)
47
___ are an example of how structure fits function
RBCs
48
it has a huge surface area relative to volume
Biconcave shape
49
__ also allows RBCs to bend or fold around their
thin center
Biconcave shape
50
Gives erythrocytes their flexibility
Biconcave shape
51
Allow them to change shape as necessary
Biconcave shape
52
Accounts for about a third of the cell’s volume
Hemoglobin
53
protein ___, made up of two alpha and two beta
chains, each bound to a heme group
globin
54
protein globin, made up of two alpha and two beta
chains, each bound to a
heme group
55
Each ____ bears an atom of ___, which can bind to
one oxygen molecule
heme group
iron
56
it transport oxygen
Heme molecules
57
it determines blood color
Oxygen content
58
Oxygenated (Blood):
bright red
59
Deoxygenated (Blood):
darker red
60
___ molecules transport carbon dioxide
Globin
61
One RBC contains ______ thus it can carry ____
250 million Hb groups
1 billion molecules of O2
62
_____ diffuses into ___ and combines with
___ to form ____ (H2CO3), which quickly
dissociates into ______ and _______
Carbon dioxide
RBCs
water
carbonic acid
hydrogen ions
bicarbonate ions
63
CO2
Carbon Dioxide
64
H2O
Water
65
H2CO3
Carbonic Acid
66
H+
Hydrogen Ion
67
HCO3
Bicarbonate Ion
68
In RBCs, ___ reversibly catalyzes the
conversion of carbon dioxide and water to carbonic acid
carbonic anhydrase
69
the production of RBCs
Erythropoiesis
70
A hemocytoblast is transformed into a
proerythroblast
71
The developmental pathway of erythroblast consists of three phases:
1. Ribosome synthesis in early erythroblasts
2. Hb accumulation in intermediate erythroblasts and
late erythroblasts
3. Ejection of the nucleus from late erythroblasts and formation of reticulocytes
72
Proerythroblasts develop into early
erythroblasts
73
Reticulocytes are released from the ____ into the _____ , which contains ____ reticulocytes
red bone marrow
circulating blood
~1-3%
74
Reticulocytes then become mature ____
erythrocytes
75
Too many RBCs causes undesirable _____
blood viscosity
76
Too few RBCs leads to
tissue hypoxia
77
The number remains constant and reflects a balance between RBC production and destruction
Circulating Erythrocytes
78
Enhanced erythropoiesis increases the:
• RBC count in circulating blood
• Oxygen carrying ability of the blood
79
Erythropoietin (EPO) release by the kidneys is triggered by:
• Hypoxia due to decreased RBCs
• Decreased oxygen availability
• Increased tissue demand for oxygen
80
Erythropoiesis is hormonally controlled and depends on adequate supplies of ___, ____, ___
(___ and ____)
iron
amino acids
B vitamins
folate and B12
81
Old __ become rigid and fragile, and their Hb begins to degenerate
RBCs
82
The life span of an erythrocyte is
100–120 days
83
Dying RBCs are engulfed by ____ located in the spleen or liver
macrophages
84
macrophages is located in the
spleen or liver
85
it is broken down to individual amino acids and are metabolized or used to build new proteins
Globin chains
86
_____ and ____ are separated and the iron is salvaged for reuse
Heme
globin
87
it is released from heme and is transported to the red bone marrow
and is used to produce new hemoglobin
Iron
88
Iron released from heme is transported to the _____ and is used to produce new hemoglobin
red bone marrow
89
Iron released from heme is transported to the red bone marrow and is used to produce new ____
hemoglobin
90
Heme becomes ____ that is secreted in bile
bilirubin
91
Heme becomes bilirubin that is secreted in ___
bile
92
In the intestines, bilirubin is converted by bacteria into other pigments and this results in:
– Gives feces its brown color
– Gives urine its yellow color
93
it make up 1% of the total blood volume
White Blood Cells
94
Are less numerous than RBCs
White Blood Cells
95
Only blood components that are complete cells
White Blood Cells
96
Two functions of WBCs:
– Protect the body against invading microorganisms
– Remove dead cells and debris from tissues by phagocytosis
97
it can leave capillaries via ameboid movement and move through tissue spaces
White Blood Cells
98
White Blood Cells can leave capillaries via ____ and move
through tissue spaces
ameboid movement
99
White Blood Cells can leave capillaries via ____ and move
through tissue spaces
ameboid movement
100
Named according to their appearance in stained
preparations:
Granulocytes
Agranulocytes
101
this is a very small granules that cannot be easily seen with the light microscope
Agranulocytes
102
contain large cytoplasmic granules
Granulocytes
103
Three types of Granulocytes:
neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils
104
Contain cytoplasmic granules that stain
specifically (acidic, basic, or both) with
Wright’s stain
Granulocytes: neutrophils, eosinophils,
and basophils
105
Are larger and usually shorter-lived than
RBCs
Granulocytes: neutrophils, eosinophils,
and basophils
106
Are all phagocytic cells
Granulocytes: neutrophils, eosinophils,
and basophils
107
Have lobed nuclei
Granulocytes: neutrophils, eosinophils,
and basophils
108
our body’s bacteria slayers
Neutrophils
109
most common type of WBC
Neutrophils
110
Have two (three) types of granules that:
• Take up both acidic and basic dyes
• Give the cytoplasm a lilac color
• Contain peroxidases, hydrolytic enzymes, and
defensins (antibiotic-like proteins)
111
it account for 0.5% of WBCs
Basophils
112
it is an accumulation of dead neutrophils, cell debris and fluid at sites of infections
Pus
113
It prevents the formation of clots
Heparin
114
Have large, purplish-black (basophilic) granules that contain Histamine and Heparin
Basophils
115
it is an inflammatory chemical that acts as a
vasodilator and attracts other WBCs (antihistamines counter this effect)
Histamine
116
it account for 1–4% of WBCs
Eosinophils
117
Eosinophils account for ___ of WBCs
1–4%
118
Have red-staining, bilobed nuclei connected
via a broad band of nuclear material
Eosinophils
119
Have red to crimson (acidophilic) large,
coarse, lysosome-like granules
Eosinophils
120
it lessens the severity of allergies by reducing
inflammation
Eosinophils
121
it leads the body’s counterattack against parasitic worms
Eosinophils
122
Two Types of Agranulocytes:
lymphocytes
monocytes
123
– Lack visible cytoplasmic granules
Lymphocytes and Monocytes
124
Are similar structurally, but are functionally
distinct and unrelated cell types
Lymphocytes and Monocytes
125
Have spherical or kidney-shaped nuclei
Lymphocytes and Monocytes
126
– Have spherical shaped
Lymphocytes
127
kidney-shaped nuclei
monocytes
128
Have large, dark-purple, circular nuclei with a thin rim of blue cytoplasm
Lymphocytes
129
Are found mostly enmeshed in lymphoid tissue (some circulate in the blood)
Lymphocytes
130
it account for 25% or more of WBCs
Lymphocytes
131
Lymphocytes account for __ or more of WBCs
25%
132
it protect against viruses and other intracellular
microorganisms
T cells
133
it attacks and destroy the cells that are infected
T cells
134
There are two types of lymphocytes:
T cells
B cells
135
stimulated by bacteria or toxins
B cells
136
Give rise to plasma cells, which produce antibodies
B cells
137
They are the largest leukocytes
Monocytes
138
____ account for 4–8% of leukocytes
Monocytes
139
Monocytes account for 4–8% of
leukocytes
140
Monocytes account for __% of leukocytes
4–8
141
They have an abundant pale-blue cytoplasm
Monocytes
142
– They have purple-staining, U- or
kidney-shaped nuclei
Monocytes
143
– They leave the circulation, enter tissue, and
differentiate into macrophages
Monocytes
144
Are highly mobile and actively phagocytic
Macrophages
145
it activates lymphocytes to mount an immune response
Macrophages
146
Their granules contain ADP and thromboxanes
Platelets
147
Fragments of megakaryocytes with a blue-staining outer region and a purple granular center
Platelets
148
Function in clotting by two mechanisms
:
1.
Formation of platelet plugs, which seal holes
in small vessels
2.
Formation of clots, which help seal off larger
wounds in the vessels
149
A series of reactions for stoppage of bleeding
Preventing Blood Loss
150
Three phases occur in rapid sequence:
– Vascular spasms: immediate vasoconstriction
in response to injury
– Platelet plug formation
– Coagulation (blood clotting)
151
_____ and ___ can cause vascular spasms
thromboxanes
endothelin
152
immediate vasoconstriction in response to injury
Vascular spasms
153
Upon damage to blood vessel endothelium platelets:
• With the help of von Willebrand factor (VWF) adhere to collagen
• Are stimulated by and then release more thromboxane and ADP, which attract still more platelets
• Stick to exposed collagen fibers and form a platelet plug
154
(VWF)
von Willebrand factor
155
____ do not stick to each other or to blood vessels
Platelets
156
The ____ is limited to the immediate area of
injury by prostacyclin
platelet plug
157
The platelet plug is limited to the immediate area of injury by ___
prostacyclin
158
Can seal up a small breaks in a blood vessels that
occur many times each day
platelet plug
159
it begins with the extrinsic or intrinsic pathway
Blood clotting
160
it is the formation of a clot (a network of protein
fibers called fibrin)
Blood clotting, or coagulation
161
Blood clotting, or
coagulation
162
Both pathways end with the production of
activated factor X
Extrinsic
Intrinsic
163
this pathway begins with the activation of factor XII
Intrinsic
164
this pathway begins with the release of
thromboplastin from damaged tissue
Extrinsic
165
a network of protein fibers called __
fibrin
166
it is converted to thrombin by prothrombinase
Prothrombin
167
Prothrombin is converted to thrombin by
prothrombinase
168
Activated factor X, factor V, phospholipids, and Ca2+ form ___
prothrombinase
169
____ is converted to fibrin by thrombin
Fibrinogen
170
Fibrinogen is converted to fibrin by __
thrombin
171
it forms the structural basis of a clot
Insoluble fibrin strands
172
it causes plasma to become a gel-like trap
Fibrin
173
____ in the presence of calcium ions activates factor XIII that:
• Cross-links fibrin
• Strengthens and stabilizes the clot
Fibrin
174
Fibrin in the presence of calcium ions activates factor XIII that:
• Cross-links fibrin
• Strengthens and stabilizes the clot
175
Away from the site of injury anticoagulants in the
blood, such as ___ and , prevent
clot formation
antithrombin
heparin
176
_____ and _____ activate plasmin, which dissolves
fibrin (fibrinolysis)
Thrombin
tissue plasminogen activator
177
it is the stabilization of the clot by squeezing serum from the fibrin strands
Clot retraction
178
it is the stabilization of the clot by squeezing serum from the fibrin strands
Clot retraction
179
Results from the contraction of platelets,
which pull the edges of damaged tissue closer
together
– Serum, which is plasma minus fibrinogen and
some clotting factors, is squeezed out to the
clot
Clot retraction
180
Serum, which is plasma minus fibrinogen and
some clotting factors, is squeezed out to the
clot
Clot retraction
181
Antibodies can bind to the donor’s RBC antigens, resulting in agglutination or hemolysis of RBCs, leading to:
– Diminished oxygen-carrying capacity
– Clumped cells that impede blood flow
– Ruptured RBCs that release free hemoglobin
into the bloodstream
182
it occurs when mismatched blood is infused
Transfusion reactions
183
The ABO blood groups consists of:
– Two antigens (A and B) on the surface of the RBCs
– Two antibodies in the plasma (anti-A and anti-B)
184
Platelet count and prothrombin time measure the
ability of the blood to clot
Clotting
185
The composition of materials dissolved or suspended in plasma can be used to assess the functioning and status of the body’s systems
Blood Chemistry
186
Blood Chemistry
– The composition of materials dissolved or suspended in plasma can be used to assess the functioning and status of the body’s systems
• Glucose
• Urea
• Nitrogen
• Bilirubin
• Cholesterol
187
White blood cell count (WBCs/μL)
– Male and Female:
5000-9000 WBCs/μL
188
• Differential white blood
cell count (the percentage
of each type of WBC)
Neutorphils –
Lymphocytes –
Monocytes –
Eosinophils –
Basophils –
60%-70%
20%-25%
3%-8%
2%-4%
0.5%-1%
189
Red blood cell count (million/μL)
Male ____ million/μL
Female ____ million/μL
4.6-6.2
4.2-5.4
190
• Hemoglobin measurement (grams of hemoglobin per/mL of blood
– Male ___ g/100mL
– Female ___ g/100mL
14-18
12-16
191
• Hematocrit measurement
(percent volume of RBCs)
Male -
Female -
40%-52%
38%-48%
192
Acts as a solvent and suspending medium for blood components
Water
193
Maintain osmotic pressure (albumin), destroy foreign substances (antibodies and complement), transport molecules (albumin, globulins), and form clots (fibrinogen)
Proteins
194
Involved in osmotic pressure (sodium and chloride ions), membrane potentials (sodium and potassium ions), and acid-base balance (hydrogen, hydroxide, and bicarbonate ions)
Ions
195
Source of energy and "building blocks" of more complex molecules (glucose, amino acids, triglycerides)
Nutrients
196
Involved in aerobic respiration (oxygen and carbon dioxide)
Gases
197
Break down products of protein metabolism (urea and ammonia salts), red blood cells (bilirubin), and anaerobic respiration (lactic acid)
Waste products
198
Catalyze chemical reactions (enzymes) and stimulate or inhibit many body functions (hormones)
Regulatory substances
199
The ____ of hemoglobin are broken down to individual amino acids (pink arrow) and are metabolized or used to build new proteins.
globin chains
200
it is released from the heme of hemoglobin. The heme is converted into bilirubin.
Iron
201
The heme is converted into ___.
bilirubin
202
it is transported in the blood to the red bone marrow and used in the production of new hemoglobin (green arrows).
Iron
203
it is transported in the blood to the liver.
Bilirubin (blue arrow)
204
it is excreted as part of the bile into the small intestine.
Bilirubin
205
it derivatives contribute to the color of feces or are reabsorbed from the intestine into the blood and excreted from the kidneys in the urine.
Bilirubin
