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Blood Flashcards

1
Q

What is blood?

A

Liquid connective tissue

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2
Q

What are red blood cells called?

A

Erythrocytes

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3
Q

What are white blood cells called?

A

Leukocytes

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4
Q

What are platelets called?

A

Thrombocytes

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5
Q

What seperates blood?

A

A centrifuge

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6
Q

What is the % of plasma and erythrocytes in the blood?

A

55% plasma
45% erythrocytes

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7
Q

What is the average L or blood in the body?

A

4.5-5.5L

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8
Q

What is plasma?

A

Clear, straw-coloured, watery fluid

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9
Q

What is plama made up of?

A

Plasma protiens
Inorganic salts - electrolytes
Nutrients
Waste
Hormones
Gases

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10
Q

What do plasma proteins do?

A

Maintain osmotic pressure

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11
Q

Name 3 plasma protiens and their function

A

Albumins - maintain osmotic pressure and a carrier molecule for free fatty acids, some drugs and steroid hormones
Globulins - antibodies, transport of hormones and inhibition of enzymes
Clotting factors - coagulation of blood

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12
Q

Where are blood cells synthesised?

A

Red bone marrow

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13
Q

How are blood cells made?

A

From stem cells that can develop into a number of cell types

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14
Q

What is the process of cells developing into different cell types called?

A

Haemopoiesis

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15
Q

What is the structure of a red blood cell?

A

Biconcave
No nucleus or organelles

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16
Q

Why are red blood cells biconcave?

A

Increases surface area for gas exchange
The thin central portion allows fast entry and exit of gases
Can distort themselves and be flexible to enter vessels
Their flattened shape allows them to stack in the bloodstream, reducing turbulence.

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17
Q

What is the lifespan of a red blood cell?

A

120 days

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18
Q

What is the name of red blood cell development?

A

Erythropoiesis

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19
Q

What does haeomoglobin contain?

A

Globin protien
Haem

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20
Q

What is a globin protien?

A

An amino-acid chain that wraps around and protects the haem.

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21
Q

What is a haem?

A

Pigmented iron compound that combines with oxygen to create iron oxide

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22
Q

How many globin and haem units does a haemoglobin contain?

A

4

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23
Q

How many molecules of oxygen can a haemoglobin carry?

A

4

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24
Q

What is it called when a haemoglobin carries 4 molecules of oxygen?

A

Fullu saturated

25
What is haemoglobin bound to oxygen called?
Oxygaemoglobin
26
What circumstances mean oxygen can be readily released?
Low pH Metabolically active tissues release acid waste so the local pH falls. Under these conditions, oxyhaemoglobin breaks down, giving additional oxygen use for tissues. Low oxygen levels (hypoxia) When 02 levels are low, oxyhaemoglobin breaks down, releasing oxygen. Temperature Actively metabolising tissues are warmer than less active ones which increases oxygen release.
27
How are red blood cells destroyed?
Negative feedback mechanism
28
What hormone regulate red blood cell production?
Erythropoietin
29
Where is erythropoietin produced?
Kidney
30
What stimulates erythropoiesis and why?
Hypoxia in an attempt to restore oxygen supplies to the tissues. Erythropoietin stimulates the release of immature red blood cells into circulation and speeds up maturation. When hypoxia is reversed, erythropoietin production declines.
31
How are red blood cells destroyed?
By macrophages in the spleen, bone marrow and liver
32
What happens to iron when a red blood cell is destroyed?
It returns to the bone marrow to form a new haemoglobin molecule
33
What happens to haem when the red blood cell is broken down?
Broken down to bilirubin before being transported to the liver. In the liver it is changed from fat-soluble to water-soluble and excreted in bile.
34
What is the universal recipient?
AB
35
What is the universal donor?
O
36
What blood is given in an emergency?
0 neg
37
What antigen and antibodies does blood group A have?
Antigen A Antibodies B
38
What antigen and antibodies does blood group B have?
Antigen B Antibodies A
39
What antigen and antibodies does blood group AB have?
Antigens A and B No antibodies
40
What antigen and antibodies does blood group 0 have?
No antigens A and B antibodies
41
As a donor, which blood group is compatiable and incompatible with blood group A?
Compatible with A and AB Incompatible with B and 0 because they make A antibodies that will react with A antigen
42
As a donor, which blood group is compatiable and incompatible with blood group B?
Compatible with B and AB Incompatible with A and O because both make B antibodies with will react with B antigens
43
As a donor, which blood group is compatiable and incompatible with blood group AB?
Compatible with AB only Incompatible with A B and O because all 3 make antibodies that will react with AB antigen
44
As a donor, which blood group is compatiable and incompatible with blood group O?
Universal donor 0 red cells have no antigens and will not stimulate antibodies A or B
45
As a recipient, which blood group is compatiable and incompatible with blood group A?
Compatible with A and O Incompatible with B and AB because A make antibodies that will react with B antigen
46
As a recipient, which blood group is compatiable and incompatible with blood group B?
Compatible with B and 0 Incompatible with A and AB because type B makes A antibodies that will react with A antigens
47
As a recipient, which blood group is compatiable and incompatible with blood group AB?
Universal recepient AB makes no antibodies and cannot ract with any type of donated blood
48
As a recipient, which blood group is compatiable and incompatible with blood group O?
Compatible with O only Incompatible with A, AB and B because type O makes A and B antibodies
49
What is Rh?
The rhesus system Antigens on red blood cells
50
Is Rh is present, people are said to be..
Rh positive and do not make anti-Rh antibodies
51
Is Rh is negative, people are said to be..
Rh negative and make anti-Rh antibodies
52
What is reduced levels of oxygen in the blood is called?
Hypoxaemia
53
What is it called when someone has low platelets?
Thrombocytopenia
54
What is the protein shread that traps blood cells and aids clotting?
Fibrin
55
What are the pathways of blood clotting?
Intrinsic Extrinsic Commin
56
What is the intrisic pathway stimulated by?
Platelets within the blood plasma come into contact with a damaged region of a vessel
57
What is the extrinsic pathway stimulated by?
Stimulated by clotting factors released by damaged cell and tissue.
58
Describe the clotting cascade
Clotting factors cause platelets to become sticky and adhere to the damaged region, triggering the formation of a solid plug, slowing blood loss and establishing a barrier against pathogens. Clotting factors initiate vasoconstriction which reduces blood flow to the damaged area. Clotting factors trigger the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin. Thrombin catalyses the conversion of soluble plasma protein, fibrinogen to insoluble fibrous fibrin. Fibrin strands form a mesh over the platelet plug, trapping blood cells and forming a temporary clot which seals the damaged area. When the damaged area is healed, plasmin enzyme is activated to dissolve the clot.

Blood (1 decks)

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