Blood

Question 1

What word means the ratio of volume of erythrocytes to the total volume of other cellular components?

Answer 1

Haematocrit (PVC)

Question 2

What is the name for the formation of new blood cells and platelets? What is the name for reduced haemoglobin/ no of RBC?

Answer 2

1. Haemopoiesis
2. Anaemia

Question 3

What name is given to the arrest of bleeding? What two physiological processes does this involve?

Answer 3

Haemostasis
Blood coagulation and contraction of damaged blood cells

Question 4

What is the name for the inability to make blood clots? What are the two types of this including deficiency of which factors?

Answer 4

Haemophilia
Two types:
- Haemophilia A, factor 8 deficiency
- Haemophilia B, Factor 9 deficiency

Question 5

What is the Cellular component:Fluid component in the blood?

Answer 5

45%:55%

Question 6

Name for the production of Erythrocytes? Name of hormonal stimulating factor? Where is this hormone made?

Answer 6

Erythropoeisis
Erythropoeitin
Kidneys

Question 7

Name for production of Lymphocytes? Stimulating factor?
Which cells are only stimulated?

Answer 7

Myelpoesis
Granulating-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF)
Myeloblastic WBCs

Question 8

Name for formation of platelets? What is the Hormonal factor involved? What do Platelets bud off that is produced?

Answer 8

Thrombopoiesis
Thrombopoietin (TPO)
Megakaryocytes

Question 9

Describe the structure of erythrocytes? (ultrastructure shape and size)

Answer 9

-No nucleus
-No mitochondria
-Biconcave
-7.5 micrometres diameter
-Haemoglobin
-Glycolytic enzymes

Question 10

Where is blood removed from? (4)

Answer 10

-Spleen (mainly)
-Liver
-Bone marrow
-blood loss
Known as haemolysis

Question 11

What is Haemoglobin made up of?

Answer 11

4 Globin chains each with a haem group (contains iron)

Question 12

3 types of Haemoglobin phenotypes and what they consist of?

Answer 12

Haemoglobin A- 2 alpha and 2 bet chains
Foetal haemoglobin (HbF)- 2 alpha and 2 gamma
HbA2: 2 alpha and 2 delta

Question 13

What is the name for mutations or absence f alpha or beta chains in adults?

Answer 13

Thalassemia

Question 14

What is Anaemia? What is the threshold in men and non pregnant females?

Answer 14

Deficiency of Hb
Male<130g/L
Female,120g/L

Question 15

3 causes of anaemia?

Answer 15

Acute blood loss
Production mismatches
Deficiencies of Iron, folate or Vitamin B12

Question 16

What are the two types of Leuokocytes?

Answer 16

Lymphocytes and Granulocytes

Question 17

What are the four types of granulocytes?

Answer 17

Neutrophil
Monocytes
Basophils
Eosinophils

Question 18

Functions of Neutrophil and Monocytes?

Answer 18

Neutrophils- Phagocytic and release chemicals and cytokines to induce inflammation
Monocytes- Mature into macrophages or dendritic cells (Both antigen presenting)

Question 19

What are the Functions of basophils and eosinophils respectively?

Answer 19

Basophils- express surface lgE and release histamine role in allergies and immunity
Eosinophils- Fighting parasitic infections but also a wide range of regulatory functions

Question 20

Where do T lymphocytes originate from? Proportion in blood ? and surface receptor?

Answer 20

Bone marrow released by thymus gland (between lungs)
T cell receptor

Question 21

What are 3 functions of T cells?

Answer 21

CD8+ (cytotoxic- cell apoptosis)
CD4+- Helper cells
Regulatory functions - interleukins and interferons

Question 22

Where do B lymphocytes originate? Proportion in blood? and receptor?

Answer 22

Bone marrow
20% in blood
B cell receptor

Question 23

One function of B lymphocytes

Answer 23

Generation of antibodies

Question 24

What % of blood is plasma? What 4 things does it contain?

Answer 24

55%
Water, salt, glucose and proteins

Question 25

What % of blood plasma is water?

Answer 25

up to 95%

Question 26

What proteins are found in blood plasma? (5) What % of plasma do they make up?

Answer 26

Albumin
Globulins
Hormones
Coagulation factors
Transport proteins
6-8% of plasma

Question 27

Where is Albumin produced? What are its main functions?

Answer 27

Liver
Functions;
1. Determines oncotic pressure
2. Carrier protein