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Blood Flashcards

1
Q

Blood is used most commonly for
Another body fluids,,
Blood, lymph ( tissue)
Process of formation of blood ( in?)

A

Special fluids within their bodies to transport such materials
Lymph also helps in transport of certain substances
Vascular connective tissue
Haemopoiesis ( in bone marrow)

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2
Q

Blood colour , by weight
Ph , volume ( male , female
False ct because

A

Red, 7 to 8 % of body weight
7.4 ( slightly alkaline) , male = 5-6 liters, female = 4-5 liters
Fibres are completely absent
Matrix of blood is produced and synthesised by liver and lymphoid organ

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3
Q

Blood liquid part
Solid part
Plasma
Water , solid part

A

Matrix - plasma - 55%
Blood corpuscles - 45% ( RBC , WBC , platelets)
Matrix of blood
90-92%
8-10%

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4
Q

Plasma inorganic part
Organic part %
Proteins

A

Na+ ,Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ ,HCO3- ,Cl -
6-8 %
Albumin 4% ( max)
Globulin 2-2.5 %
Alpha , beta , gamma
Prothrombin = 0.3%
Fibrinogen = 0.3%

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5
Q

Smallest plasma protein ( % , produced , fn )
Prothrombin ( % , produced)
Largest protein
Ratio of albumin and globulin

A

Albumin 4 % max , produced synthesised by liver , responsible to maintain BCOP
0.3 % , produced and secreted by liver
Fibrinogen = 0.3% _^^^^
2:1

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6
Q

Globulin ( %, produced)
Fn
Formed elements

A

2- 2.5 % , produced and secreted by liver and lymphoid organs
Transport/ carry substances in body, destroy bacteria virus and toxic substances
Erythrocytes , leukocytes,platelets

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7
Q

Produced , eg
Alpha globulin
Beta globulin
Gamma globulin

A

Produce by liver eg.Ceruloplasmin - Cu carrying protein
Produced by liver , eg transferin = Fe+2
Produced by lymphoid organ
Immunoglobulin = antibodies which destroy bacteria, viruses,toxic substances

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8
Q

Most abundant cell in blood, healthy adult man has
Formed , of mammals ( descriptions)
Pigment
Life span ,death,graveyard

A

Erythrocytes , 5 million to 5.5 million of RBC mm-3
In red bone marrow , devoid of nucleus and biconcave
Red coloured iron containing pigment, Hb
120 days , liver, spleen

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9
Q

Every 100ml blood has (Hb)
Hb A1(adult),Hb A2 ( adult 2 ),Hb F ( Foetal)
Anaemia
Erythropoietic organ
1 RBC
Hormone

A

12-16 gm of Hb
2 alpha + 2 beta,2 alpha + 2 ,2 alpha + 2 gamma
Decrease in RBC count
Liver,spleen , placenta , thymus gland
Yolk sac
Erythropoietin = kidney,little liver

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10
Q

Leukocytes colourless
No
Life span
Types basis
Type , subtype

A

Colourless due to lack of Hb
Nucleated , lesser in number 6000-8000 mm -3
Short lived , few hours to few days
Granules present or absent in Cytoplasm
Granulocytes = neutrophils, eosinophils ( acidophils) , basophils
Agranulocytes = lymphocytes, monocytes

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11
Q

Acidophils stain with , nucleus shape,no
Fn
Also known as,during
Basophils stain , nucleus
Fn
No

A

Acidic dye like eosin , Bilobed m 2-3 % of TLC
Resist infection,associated with allergic reactions
As eosinphilia,during Taeniasis , Ascariasis,Asthma
Basic die like methylene blue , 2-3 lobed Sshaped
Secrete heparin,histamine,serotonin , involved in inflammatory reactions
0.5-1% mini

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12
Q

Neutrophils stain, nucleus ,no
Fn
Called ( reason )
Monocytes size, nucleus,no
Fn
Called

A

Fain saint with ( acidic,neutral,basic), 3 to 5 lobed ( PMNL) , 60-65%of TLC ( maximum
phagocytic cells which destroy foreign organisms entered and viruses,
Micropoliceman = small size , phagocytic nature
Largest,kidney / bean ,6-8% of TLC
Same as neutrophils
Macropoliceman

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13
Q

Lymphocytes size,nucleus,no
Function
Type , fn

A

Smallest , large due to which cytoplasm becomes peripheral,20 -25% of TLC
Responsible for immune response of body
TCell = cell mediated immunity
B-cell = antibody mediated immunity

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14
Q

Blood clot
Bleeding time
Clotting time
Thrombus clot , cause heart attack
Cause paralysis
Embolus clot

A

Blood from cut and wound but after some times it stops automatically
1-3 min
2-8 min
Static clot block the bloom vessels , coronory thrombosis
Cephalic thrombosis ( found in brain
More harmful due to moving nature

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15
Q

Enzyme cascade theory/
Steps

A

Mechanism of blood clotting
Release of thromboplastin = thromboplastin react with plasma proteins in presence of Ca2+ to form prothrombinase enzymes ( thrombokineses)
Conversion of inactive prothrombin into active thrombin by ( prothrombinase enzyme
Conversion of fibrinogen into fibrin

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16
Q

Mechanism of clotting 3th step

A

Conversion of fibrinogen into fibrin
Fibrinogen is soluble protein of plasma
Thrombin protein polymerise monomers of fibrinogen to form insoluble fibrous protein fibre

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17
Q

Serum , found

No of factors in blood clotting , produced
Anticoagulants
Ion imp in blood clotting

A

After clotting a pale yellow liquid oozes from clot , antibodies
Plasma without clotting factors
13 , liver
EDTA , oxalis acid , hirudin
Ca 2+

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18
Q

Open type =
Tissue contact
Eg

A

In this blood is pumped by heart passes large vessels into large open spaces or body through cavities called blood sinuses
Eg Arthropoda, Mollusca

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19
Q

Closed type=
Tissue contact
More adventious because
Eg

A

Blood is pumped by heart into closed networks or blood vessels
Are not in direct contact with circulating fluid
As the flow of fluid can be more precisely regulated
Eg Annelida , Chordata , class cephalopods of mollosca

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20
Q

No of Atria. Ventricles. Type of circulation
Heart chambers
Fishes
Amphibia
Reptiles
Crocodile, ave , mammals

A

Fishes = 2. 1. 1. Single
Amphibians =. 3. 2. 1. Incomplete double
Reptiles. =. 3. 2. 1. Incomplete double
Crocodile. =. 4. 2. 2. Double circulation

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21
Q

All vertebrates possess
In fishes heart pumps out , gills
In amphibians, reptiles receives oxygenated blood, deoxygenated blood
Why incomplete double circulation

A

Muscular chambered heart
Deoxygenated blood which gets deoxygenated by gills ,
Left atrium from gills / lungs / skin, right atrium gets
They get mixed up in single ventricle which pumps out mixed bloods

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22
Q

In birds and mammals why double circulation
Angiology , father
Increase in size of heart

A

Ventricle pump blood out without any mixing up, two separate circulatory pathways
Study of blood vascular system , William Harvey
Cardiomegaly

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23
Q

Closed type type of blood vessel
3 type ( +nt,fn)
Vasa vasorum

A

Arteries ( pure ),vein ( impure ) , capillaries
+nt in organs , vessels through which exchange of gases take place
Thin network of blood capillaries is present in walks of blood vessels it self which supply blood and other necessary substances to blood vessels

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24
Q

Artery vein layers
Inner
Middle
External
Capillary System discovered by

A

Tunica intima = an inner lining of squamous endothelium
Tunica media = a middle layer of smooth muscle and elastic fibres ( thin in veins
Tunica externa = external layer of fibrous c.t with collagen fibre
Marcello Malpighi

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25
Artery Carried blood Pure blood / impure blood Blood flows with Situated in body, lumen Valves , tunica media layer
From heart to organs Pure blood except pulmonary artery ( impure High pressure and speed Deeply, is constricted ( narrow Absent, much thicker
26
Vein Carried blood Pure blood / impure blood Blood flows with Situated in body, lumen Valves , tunica media layer
Blood from organ to heart Impure except pulmonary vein ( pure Low pressure and speed Superficial just below the skin , is wide Walls of vein contain valves , thinnner
27
Human circulatory system/ Consist Heart origin
Blood vascular system A muscular chambered heart A network of closed branching blood vessels Blood , fluid which is circulated Mesodermally
28
Heart origin , situated in , location Size Protected by Epicardium layer , origin , made up of Endocardium Myocardium
Mesodermally , thoracic cavity, in between lungs , slightly titled to left Clenched fist Double walled membranous bag , pericardium , enclosing pericardial fluid Outermost , mesodermal, simple squamous epi Inner most same above Middle , mesodermal , cardiac muscle which are striated but involuntary
29
Four chambered types What separates right and left atria -////— the left and right ventricles Atria- ventricular septum
Two relatively small upper chambers called atria Two larger lower chambers called ventricles A thin muscular wall called interatrial septum A thick walled interventricular septum Atrium and ventricle of same side are also separate by thick fibrous tissue
30
Each of septa are provided with Tricuspid valve Bicuspid / =
An opening through which two. Chambers of same side are connected The opening b/w right atrium and right ventricle is guarded by valve formed of 3 muscular flaps or cusps A bicuspid or mitral valve guards the openings b/w left atrium and left ventricle
31
What are provided with semilunar valve Valve allow
Openings of right ventricle into pulmonary artery Left ventricle into aorta The flow of blood only in 1 directions i.e from atria to ventricles and from ventricles to pulmonary artery or aorta Prevent any backward flow
32
Types of blood grouping 1 grouping based on A donar has to be carefully matched bez Agglutinin Agglutinogens
ABO & Rh- On presence or absence of two surface antigens , A and B To avoid severe problems of clumping ( destruction of RBC ) Plasma = two natural antibodies = proteins produced in response to antigen Two surface antigen = chemicals that can induce immune responses
33
Blood group. Antigens on RBC. Antibodies in plasma. Donors group A B AB O
A. A. Anti B. A,O B. B. Anti A. B,O AB. A,B. Not. AB,A,B,O O. Not. Anti A,anti B. O
34
A,B,O discovered by Universal donar Universal acceptor Rh discovered in
Landsteiner O AB Rhesus monkey
35
Rh antigen due to Found( worldwide %,india % Rh +, Rh- Mismatching Cause
Dominant gene . If one gamete posses gene of Rh factors its offspring will be Rh +ve On surface of RBC ( 80%,97% Antigen present , antigen absent Rh -ve blood of a pregnant woman with RH +ve blood from foetus Severe anaemia and jaundice
36
Mismatching Cause Condition Avoided by
Rh -ve blood of a pregnant woman with RH +ve blood from foetus Severe anaemia and jaundice Erythroblastosis foetalis Administrating anti Rh antibodies to mother immediately after the delivery of first child
37
Interstial fluid / tissue Fn Drains it back to major veins
As blood passes through capillaries in tissue, some water along with small water soluble substances move out in space b/w cells of tissue Exchange of nutrients, gases b/w blood and cells Lymphatic system
38
Lymph is a , responsible Fn
Colourless fluid containing specialised lymphocytes, responsible for immune responses of body Important carrier for nutrients, hormones etc Fats are absorbed through lymph in lacteals in intestinal villi
39
Entire heart made up of Ventricles walls thicker >>>>>> arteries reason Nodal tissue Types , location
Cardiac muscle Ventricles have to supply blood to various parts of body Specialised cardiac musculature , distributed in heart Sino-atrial node = right upper corner of right atrium Atrio-ventricular node = lower left corner of right atrium close to atrio- ventricular septum
40
Internodal pathways ______ passes through atrio - ventricular septa Bundle of HIS
3 bundles of muscle fibre connect Av node and Sa node A bundle of nodal fibre , AV bundle continues from AVN and immediately divide into tight and left bundle These right and left bundle with Av bundle
41
Purkinje fibre Nodal musculature ability Maximum no of action potentials Responsible Called
These branches give rise to minute fibres throughout ventricular musculature of respective sides To generate action potential without any external stimulation SAN = 70-75 min For initiating and maintaining rhythmic contractile activities Pacemaker
42
Pacemaker in frog In mammals believed to to emerged Origin of heart beat and its conduction path
Sinus venosus Sinus venosus = believed to have emerged with wall of right atrium SA node → inter nodal pathway → Av node.→ AV bundle → bundle branches → Purkinje fibre
43
Cardiac cycle Consist of Duration Each
The sequential event in heart which is cyclically repeated Systole and diastole of both the atria and ventricles 0.8 sec Atria = systole =0.1,diastole = 0.7 Ventricle = systole = 0.3 ( from 0.2 to 0.4) Diastole = 0.5 ( 0.1 , 0.5 to 0.8)
44
Joint diastole _____ are open blood from ___ flows to Closed The SAN now generates (simulates ) This increases flow of blood into
All four chambers are in relaxed state at beginning Tricuspid and bicuspid , from pulmonary veins → left ventricles through left atria and vena cava → right ventricles through right atria Semilunar valves An action potential which stimulates both atria to undergo simultaneous contraction ( atrial systole ) Ventricles by about 30%
45
Action potential in ventricular side conducted by Cause to contract and to relax
AVN and AV bundle from where the bundle of HIS transmits through the entire ventricular musculature Ventricular muscle to contract ( ventricular systole) , atria undergoes relaxation ( diastole) coinciding with ventricular systole
46
Ventricular systole increases What are forced open and why Allowing
Ventricular pressure causing the closure of tricuspid and bicuspid valves due to attempted back flow of blood into atria As the ventricular pressure increases, the semilunar valves guarding the pulmonary artery (right side) and aorta ( left side) are forced open The blood in ventricles to flow through these vessels into the circulation pathway
47
What causes the closure of semilunar valves,which prevents As ___ declines, __opened by. Which The blood now once again
The ventricles now relax ( ventricular diastole ) and the ventricular pressure falls ,,the back flow of blood into the ventricles Ventricular pressure,the tricuspid and bicuspid valves by pressure in atria exerted by blood which was being emptied into them by the veins Moves freely to ventricles
48
Time of cardiac cycle Each ventricles pump out approximately ( called ) Cardiac ( blood pumped out by ) Averages Cardiac output of athletes
1 / heart beat per minute 70 ml of blood which is called stroke volume = stroke volume x heart rate ( by each ventricle ) 5000 ml or 5 litres in healthy individual Will be much higher than that of an ordinary man
49
Stroke volume = Blood enters into heart Blood leaves out of heart The body has ability
End diastolic volume - end systolic volume ( ventricles) = 120-50= 70 ml Because of atria relax Because muscles of ventricles contract To alter the stroke volume as well as heart rate and thereby the cardiac output
50
First heart sound associated Dull / sharp, duration At the beginning of Caused by
Lub = with the closure of tricuspid and bicuspid valves Dull, prolonged ( 0.15 sec ) Ventricular systole Closure of AV valvas
51
Second heart sound associated with Dull / sharp , duration At the beginning of Caused
Dub = with the closure of semilunar valves Sharp , high pitch ( 0.1 sec) Of ventricular diastole By closure of semilunar valves
52
Blood pumped by right ventricle enters , left ventricle pumps Deoxygenated blood pumped into ______ entering the arota is carried by
Pulmonary artery, blood into aorta Pulmonary artery is passed on lungs from where oxygenated blood is carried by pulmonary veins into left atrium The oxygenated blood , by a network of arteries , arterioles , capillaries to tissue
53
Systemic circulation ______ entering the arota is carried by Deoxygenated blood is collected by Systemic circulation provide
The oxygenated blood , by a network of arteries , arterioles , capillaries to tissue A system of venules , veins , vena cava and emptied into right atrium Nutrition, O2 and other essential substances to tissues and takes O2 and other harmful substances for elimination
54
Blood pressure normal Bp Systolic pressure Instrument Pulse felt, graph marked instrument Pulse pressure
Is pressure excreted by flowing blood on elastic walls of arteries ,120/80mm Hg Higher limit of blood pressure that shows systole of heart ( 120 mmhg Lower limit of BP that shows diastole of heart ( 80 Sphygmomanometer In radial artery +nt in wrist of man , artery of neck region , sphygmograph = systolic pressure- diastolic pressure = 120 - 80 = 40 mm hg
55
ECG is a A patient is connected to machine with P wave represents QRS represents Contraction starts
Graphical representation of electrical activity of heart during a cardiac cycle Three electrical leads ( one to each wrist and left ankle The electrical excitation ( or depolarisation) of atria , which leads to contraction of both the atria Depolarisation of ventricles which initiates the ventricular contraction Shortly after Q and marks the beginning of systole
56
T wave represents , end marks the Determine the heart rate Systolic or, diastolic or What shows hypertension Leads to
Return off ventricles from excited to normal ( repolarisation ) , end of systole By counting the no of QRS complexes Pumping pressure , resting pressure If repeated checks of blood pressure of an individual is 140 / 90 Heart disease and also affects vital organs like brain and kidney
57
CAD /, affects the Caused by Angina /, occurs mainly , occurs due to Symptom of
Coronary artery disease/ atherosclerosis, vessels that supply blood to heart muscles Deposits of calcium,fat,cholesterol,fibrous tissues which makes lumen of arteries narrower Pectoris , among middle aged and elderly , conditions that affect the blood flow Of acute chest pain appears when no enough O2 is reaching the heart muscle
58
Heart failure means Also called , because Cardiac arrest Heart attack
The state of heart when it is not pumping blood effectively enough to meet the needs of body Congestive heart failure because congestion of lung is one of main symptoms of this disease When heart stops beating When the heart muscle is suddenly damaged by an inadequate blood supply
59
Total no of valves in embryonic heart Merge into. Musculature of their respective veins after birth Foremen ovale Which Largest heart among all animals , among all terrestrial
Six - tricuspid , bicuspid , semilunar,aortic semilunar , Thebesian , eustachian Thebesian , eustachian In embryonic heart small opening is +nt at interatial septum After birth modified to fossa ovalis Blue whale , elephant
60
Ductus arteriosus , connect , after birth Significance of _ _ _ No of septum’s No of valves
In embryonic heart a small duct is +nt , pulmonary artery and aorta , modified into ligamentum arteriosum Of chordae tendinae,papillary muscle,columnar carnae , to prevent reverse opening of AV valves during ventricular systole 3 ( inter atrial, inter ventricular, AV septum ) 4 ( two Av valves , two semilunar valves )
61
Why is heart myogenic Neural centre in medulla oblongata ——- increase the heart rate,,,,,,,,,,,and thereby ——— decrease the heart rate “”””” and there by
Normal activities of heart are regulated intrinsically I.e auto regulated by specialised muscles ( nodal tissue ) Can moderate the cardiac fn through autonomic n.s Neural signals thru sympathetic nerves ( part of ANS ) , the strength of ventricular contraction , and the cardiac output Parasympathetic nerves signals , speed of conduction of action potential
62
—— increase the cardiac output ( hormone Increase the rate of heart Decrease
Adrenal medullary Nor adrenaline Acetylcholine

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