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Human Bio 2 > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

List the functions of blood

A

1) Transport

2) Regulation (Temperature, pH, Fluid volume)

3) Protection (preventing infection and blood loss)

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2
Q

Describe the composition and the physical characteristics of blood

A

55% plasma MOSTLY WATER 90%

1% leukocytes 4,800-10,800

44/45% RBC 4-6MILLION

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3
Q

Describe the composition of PLASMA

A

1) Electrolytes

2) Plasma proteins

  • Albumin, contributes to the osmotic pressure, preventing edema produced by the liver, 60%
  • Globulins 36%
  • Alpha, Beta, produces by the liver, they are mostly transport proteins
  • Gamma, antibodies released by plasma cells during immune response

3) Fibrinogen 4%

  • Produced by the liver, forms fibrin threads during blood clotting
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4
Q

DESCRIBE THE FUNCTION OF RBC

A

functions as a oxygen/waste transporter

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5
Q

DESCRIBE THE STRUCTURE OF RBC

A

Made of the red heme pigment bound to the globin (2 alpha & 2 beta), each heme group bounds a iron ion, they can transport four oxygen molecules at the same time

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6
Q

WHAT IS THE HORMONE NEEDED FOR RBC PRODUCTION

A

Erythropoietin

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7
Q

FROM WHERE IS THE RBC PRODUCED

A

15 days

Hematopoietic stem cell - pro-erythroblast - basophilic erythroblast (ribosome synthesis & iron accumulation) - polychromatic erythroblast (Hemoglobin accumulation) - orthochromatic erythroblast (ejection of organelles and pinching of nucleus) - reticulocyte - erythrocyte

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8
Q

What is anemia

A

A condition where blood oxygen carrying capacity is too low to support normal metabolism

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9
Q

WHAT IS THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF HEMOGLOBIN and how is it regulated

A

Made of heme and globin

After 120 days it gets engulfed by macrophages:

Globin is a protein which gets recycled into the body as amino acids

Heme is broken down into iron and bilirubin, where the iron is stored as ferritin or hemosiderin, and the liver transform bilirubin into bile which helps in digestion and gets excreted by the body

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10
Q

WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT TYPE OF ANEMIA

A

1) hemorrhagic

2) iron-deficiency (microcytic rbc)

3) pernicious (macrocytic RBC)

4) renal

5) aplastic

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11
Q

WHAT IS HEMORRHAGIC ANEMIA

A

A type of anemia which results from the loss of blood

1) acute: rapid blood loss over a short period (treated by blood transfusion) for example from a stab

2) chronic: slight but persistent blood loss (hemorrhoids, bleeding ulcer, menstruation, etc)

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12
Q

WHAT IS IRON-DEFICIENCY ANEMIA

A

Usually a secondary effect of hemorrhagic-anemia, and can be due to the deficit of iron from the diet, producing microcytic RBC which can be treated by adding iron to the diet

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13
Q

WHAT IS PERNICIOUS ANEMIA

A

Autoimmune disease that mostly affects elderly people, where their immune system destroys their own stomach mucosa, which is responsible for the production of intrinsic factors responsible for the absorption of vitamin B12 which makes the growing erythrocytes unable to divide producing macrocytic RBC, the treatment involves regular intravascular vitamin B12 injections or vitamin B12 gel

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14
Q

WHAT IS RENAL ANEMIA

A

Due o the lack of EPO hormone, which accompanies renal diseases, can be treated by administrating EPO

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15
Q

WHAT IS APLASTIC ANEMIA

A

Due to the destruction/inhibition of the red marrow by certain drugs, chemicals, ionizing radiations & viruses, treatment must be by a transplant of stem cells, bone marrow, or umbilical cord

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16
Q

WHAT IS THALASSEMIS

A

A type of hemolytic anemia, of a deficiency in either the a or b globin chain of the hemoglobin, it is a inherited autosomal recessive where both parents must be carriers for it to occur in their child,

1) a-thalassemia

2) b-thalassemia, treated with iron chelation

Can have complications including:

1) iron overload

2) infection

3) bone deformities

4) enlarged spleen

5) slow growth rate

6) heart problems

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17
Q

WHAT IS SICKLE CELL ANEMIA

A

Caused by the abnormal hemoglobin S, which results from a change in one of the 146 amino acids, which causes the beta chains to link together under low oxygen conditions forming stiff rods, making the hemoglobin S spiky and sharp which can rupture easily and jam blood vessels, treated by blood transfusion, and patients can inhale nitric oxide to dilate their blood vessels

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18
Q

WHAT IS JAUNDICE

A

It is a sign of the accumulation of bilirubin in the blood which maybe due to:

Patients with hemolytic anemia

1) liver problems

2) blockage of the bile ducts from inflammation or tumor

3) hemolytic anemia

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19
Q

WHAT IS POLYCYTHEMIA

A

It is an abnormal excess of erythrocytes, which increases the bloods viscosity, which might lead into a heart stroke

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20
Q

WHAT IS POLYCYTHEMIA VERA

A

It is a bone marrow cancer, characterized by exceptionally high RBC count 8-11 million, which impairs the circulation. Treatment involves therapeutic phlebotomy (remind of blood)

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21
Q

WHAT IS SECONDARY POLYCYTHEMIA

A

Due to less availability of oxygen or due to the increase production of the EPO hormone, which usually occurs in people living in high altitudes where they have a RBC count of 6-8million

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22
Q

List all of the types of leukocytes

A

1) Granulocytes:

  • Neutrophils
  • Basophils
  • Eosinophils

2) Agranulocytes:

-Monocytes
- Lymphocytes (T & B)

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23
Q

What is the structure of neutrophils

A

Multilobed nucleus, purple in color as it accepts both acidic and basic dyes

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24
Q

What is the structure of basophils

A

Bilobed nucleus, large purplish-black cytoplasmic granule, basophils are acidic and they accept basic dyes

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25
Q

What is the structure of eosinophil

A

Bilobed nucleus, red cytoplasmic granules, it is basic and it accepts acidic dyes

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26
Q

What is the structure of monocytes

A

U/kidney shaped nucleus, gray/blue cytoplasm

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27
Q

What is the structure of lymphocytes

A

Spherical nucleus, fills most of the pale blue cytoplasm

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28
Q

What is the function of neutrophils

A

Phagocytes bacteria

29
Q

What is the function of basophils

A

Contains heparin (anticoagulant), releases histamine and other inflammatory mediators

30
Q

What is the function of eosinophils

A

Kills parasitic worms, and has a role in allergy and asthma

31
Q

What is the function of monocytes

A

Phagocytosis, developing into macrophages in the tissues

32
Q

What is the function of T & B LYMPHOCYTES

A

Mount most of the immune response either by direct cell attack or via antibodies

33
Q

WHAT IS THE HORMONE NEEDED FOR LEUKOCYTE PRODUCTION

A

Interleukins & colony-stimulating factors (CSFs), Hematopoietic factors released by supporting cells of the red bone marrow and mature WBC (which prompt the white blood cell precursors to divide and mature,
& enhance the protective potency of mature leukocytes)

34
Q

HOW ARE NEUTROPHILS PRODUCED

A

Stimulated by the chemical messengers:

1) stem cell:

  • Hematopoietic stem cell (hemocytoblast)
    To
  • Myeloid stem cell

2) committed cells

  • Myeloblast

3) development pathway:

  • promyelocyte
  • Neutrophilic myelocyte
  • Neutrophilic band cells
  • neutrophils
35
Q

HOW ARE BASOPHILS PRODUCED

A

Stimulated by the chemical messengers:

1) stem cell:

  • Hematopoietic stem cell (hemocytoblast)
    To
  • Myeloid stem cell

2) committed cells

  • Myeloblast

3) development pathway:

  • promyelocyte
  • basophilic myelocyte
  • basophilic band cells
  • basophils
36
Q

HOW ARE EOSINOPHILS PRODUCED

A

Stimulated by the chemical messengers:

1) stem cell:

  • Hematopoietic stem cell (hemocytoblast)
    To
  • Myeloid stem cell

2) committed cells

  • Myeloblast

3) development pathway:

  • promyelocyte
  • eosinophilic myelocyte
  • Eosinophilic band cells
  • Eosinophils
37
Q

HOW ARE MONOCYTES PRODUCED

A

Stimulated by the chemical messengers:

1) stem cell:

  • Hematopoietic stem cell (hemocytoblast)
    To
  • Myeloid stem cell

2) committed cells

  • Monoblast

3) development pathway:

  • Promonocyte
  • Monocyte
  • Macrophages
38
Q

HOW ARE T&B Lymphocytes PRODUCED

A

Stimulated by the chemical messengers:

1) stem cell:

  • Hematopoietic stem cell (hemocytoblast)
    To
  • Lymphoid stem cell

2) committed cells

  • B lymphocyte precursor
  • T lymphocyte precursor

3) development pathway:

  • B lymphocytes some become plasma cells
  • T lymphocytes some become effector T cells
39
Q

What is leukopenia and when can it occur

A

Abnormally low white blood cells count due to glucocorticoids and anti-cancer drugs

40
Q

What is leukemia and what are its types

A

It is the overproduction of abnormal white blood cells

1) Acute leukemias (derived from stem cells mainly in children)

2) chronic leukemia (occurs in adults, involves proliferation of later stages)

3) myeloid leukemia (involves myeloblast descendants)

4) lymphocytic leukemia (involves lymphocytes)

High WBC (abnormal)
Low RBC (anemia)
Low platelets (thrombocytopenia, bleeding disorders)

41
Q

What is infection mononucleosis

A

The kissing disease

It is a highly contagious infection caused by Epstein-Barr virus, which has a symptom of excessive WBC count, tiredness, sore throat are normal consequences and there is no cure but patients needs bed rest and they will be fine in 4-6 weeks

42
Q

What are platelets

A

They are cell fragments, produced from megakaryocytes

43
Q

What is the function of platelets

A

It seals wound (blood clotting)

44
Q

How is the platelet function regulated

A

1) intrinsic (rupture to the endothelium), prothrombin activator, prothrombin (plasma protein from the liver), thrombin, fibrinogen & fibrin stabilizing factor

2) extrinsic: (rupture of tissue cells), prothrombin activator, prothrombin (plasma protein from the liver), thrombin, fibrinogen & fibrin stabilizing factor

45
Q

What are the major proteins involved in blood clotting

A

1) prothrombin: plasma protein synthesized in the liver, converted to thrombin, which converts fibrinogen to fibrin

2) Proconertin: plasma protein synthesized in the liver, involved in both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways

3) plasma thromboplastin component (PTC): plasma protein synthesized in the liver, and in its deficiency hemophilia B results

4) Stuart factor: plasma protein synthesized by the liver, its a common pathway

46
Q

What is the process of clot formation

A

1) Vascular spasm, smooth muscle contracts, causing vasoconstriction

2) platelet plug formation (Injury to endothelium
lining the vessel exposes underlying collagen fibers; platelets adhere), Platelets release chemicals that make nearby platelets sticky; platelet plug forms

3) Coagulation, Fibrin proteins form a mesh that traps red blood cells and platelets, forming the clot

47
Q

What are the factors limiting clot formation

A

1) nitric oxide

2) prostacyclin (prostaglandin)

48
Q

What are the thromboembolic disorders

A

conditions that cause undesirable clot formation (undesirable intravascular clotting)

49
Q

What are the types of anticoagulant drugs

A

1) Aspirin (Aspirin is an antiprostaglandin drug that inhibits thrornboxane A2 formation (blocking platelet aggregation and platelet plug formation))

2) Heparin (injectable form, is the anticoagulant most used in the hospital (for heart patients undergoing various procedures and to prevent or treat venous thrombosis))

3) Warfarin (Warfarin and direct oral anticoagulants are mainstays of outpatient treatment to reduce the risk of stroke in those prone to atrial fibrillation)

50
Q

What is thrombocytopenia

A

Platelet deficiency, which interferes with the clotting mechanism

51
Q

What is hemophilia A

A

The term hemophilia refers to several hereditary bleeding disorders that have similar signs and symptoms, Hemophilia A results from deficiency in factor VIII (anti hemophilia factor) most common

52
Q

What is hemophilia B

A

It is the result of a deficiency of factor IX (plasma thromboplastin component)

53
Q

What is hemophilia C

A

It is the hemophilia which results from the deficiency of plasma thromboplastin antecedent (PTA), least common

54
Q

How does the impairment of liver function affects our bleeding

A

When the liver is unable to synthesize its usual supply of clotting factors, due to vitamin K deficiency (common in newborns) (and can be due to absorption problems), to nearly total impairment of liver function (as in hepatitis or cirrhosis),

55
Q

What is Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)

A

DIC involves both widespread clotting and severe bleeding, Clotting occurs in intact blood vessels and the residual blood becomes unable to clot. Blockage of blood flow accompanied by severe bleeding follows. DIC most commonly happens as a complication of pregnancy or a result of septicemia or incompatible blood transfusions

56
Q

What happens if you abuse the use of the hormone EPO (erythropoietin)

A

EPO injections can increase your hematocrit value to 65% from 45% which makes the blood very viscous and when running severe dehydration occurs, making the blood sticky and sluggish which can cause clotting, stroke & heart failure

57
Q

What is the hemolytic disease of newborn

A

When and only when the father is rhesus positive and the mother is rhesus negative given a rhesus positive fetus, and only after the first delivery where at the labor stage fetal and mother blood mixes the mother produces antibodies against her child which if she got pregnant again by a rhesus positive fetus the antibodies she developed may pass the placental barriers and destroys the baby’s RBC, this can be treated by Rhogam which is a serum containing anti-Rh antibodies

58
Q

What is the transfusion reaction

A

It is a transfusion reaction resulted by mismatched blood infusion, where the recipient’s plasma antibodies attack the donor’s red blood cells, agglutination of the foreign red blood cells, clogs blood vessels throughout the body. During the next few hours, the clumped red blood cells begin to rupture or are destroyed by phagocytes, and their hemoglobin is released into the bloodstream.
Which hinder blood flow to tissues beyond those points. hemoglobin can escape into the blood stream. Circulating hemoglobin passes freely into the kidney tubules, causing cell death and kidney shutdown. If shutdown is complete (acute renal failure), the recipient may die, they can also cause fever, chills, low blood pressure, rapid heartbeat, nausea, vomiting, and general toxicity, treatment of transfusion reactions focuses on preventing kidney damage by administering fluid and diuretics to increase urine output, diluting and washing out the hemoglobin.

59
Q

What blood group is considered as the universal donor

A

O-

60
Q

What blood group is considered the universal recipient

A

AB+

61
Q

What are the different blood tests

A

1) prothrombin time

2) platelet count

3) comprehensive metabolic panel (CMP)

4) complete blood count (CBC)

62
Q

What are the clotting factors which are synthesized by vitamin K

A

1) prothrombin

2) proconvertin

3) plasma thromboplastin component (PTC)

4) Stuart factor

63
Q

What is the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic clotting

A

The intrinsic pathway is activated through exposed endothelial collagen, and the extrinsic pathway is activated through tissue factor released by endothelial cells after external damage

64
Q

what is PDGF

A

1) platelet derived growth factor, released by platelets
stimulates smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts to divide and rebuild the vessel wall

65
Q

Mechanism of aspirin

A
  • inhibit thromboxane A2
66
Q

Mechanism of heparin

A

Injectable form for bed rest patient, receiving blood transfusion, cardiac surgeries

67
Q

What is the mechanism of warfarin

A

Oral tabs which interferes with the action of vitamin K

68
Q

What is the number of neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, monocytes, lymphocytes, RBC, & platelets

A

Total 4,800-10,800

  • Neutrophils: 3000-7000
  • Eosinophils: 100-400
  • Basophils: 20-50
  • Lymphocytes: 1500-3000
  • Monocytes 100-700
69
Q

What is hemolytic anemia

A

Huge amount of RBC being destroyed, due to their lyses prematurely, hemoglobin disorders (thalassemia, sickle cell anemia), error in blood transfusions, bacterial or viral infection.

Human Bio 2 (7 decks)

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