Blood

Question 1

What is the composition of blood

Answer 1

Plasma (55%)
-made of mostly water
-acts as transport system and medium to transport nutrients, hormones, waste products
-Distribute body heat
-Contain salt and to maintain steady acid-base balance in blood
-prevent excess fluid from leaving capillaries as plasma protein cant fit in capillaries
Cellular components(45%)
-Leukocytes, erythrocytes and thrombocytes

Question 2

Describe the plasma proteins

Answer 2

Albumins
-contributes to the viscocity of blood
-Acts as transport for steriod hormones and fatty acid
Globulins
-immunoglobins(protect the body from foreign substances)
-acts as transport for fat sol vitamins and iron
fibrinogen
coverts to fibrin with the help of thrombin during blood clotting process

Question 3

Describe cellular components

Answer 3

Leukocytes
-forms part of immune system
-unlike RBC, it can leave the capillary to go directly to infection site to phagocytose foreign substances
Thrombocytes
- forms clog to plug damaged blood vessel wall
-small, non-nucleated, colourless cell fragment
-produced in bone marrow
1.blood vessel dilate
2.Clog forms plug
3. other clotting factors contribute to the plug to prevent it from being washed away
4. fibrinogen converted to fibrin by thrombin
Erythrocytes
-produced in red bone marrow
-containes haemoglobin- haem(4 polypeptide structurez, globin ring like non protein pigment which contain iron)
iron combines with oxygen reversibly
no organelles and nuclues-more haemoglobin stored
biconcave shape- increased SA, increased oxygen uotake, efficient diffusion oevr short distance
pilable- can fit through capillaries

Question 4

What is antigen

Answer 4

Antigen is a protein on surface membrane
induces formation of antibodies as immune system recognise it as foreign substance
Antibodies recognise and bind to them to inactivate them and mark them for destruction by WBC
-Antigen attach to it and bind to them to inactivate them
-causes RBC to clump(agglutination)
-clogs blood vessel
-RBC lysed and release haemoglobin
-free haemoglobin damages kidney cells, lead to acute kidney failure

Question 5

process and Which hormone increases production of blood

Answer 5

Haematpoeisis and erythropoietin

Question 6

Describe:
Iron deficiency
Aplastic anemia
Sickle cell anemia

Answer 6

Iron deficiency- failure of haemoglobin sysnthesis, reduced oxygen transported
Aplastic anemia- lack of functioning bone marrow
sickle cell anemia-abnormal haemoglobin, inherited disease, low level of oxygen results in change of rbc shape(elongated and spiky)
ruptures when it enters capillaries