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BIOS4001 - Blood > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

What does blood transport?

A

Transports:
- gas
- nutrients
- signalling molecules (hormones)
- metabolic waste

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2
Q

What are the functions of blood?

A
  • regulate body temp (sweating, vasoconstriction)
  • balances pH
  • defends against pathogens & toxins
  • restricts fluid loss (clots)
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3
Q

What is the temperature of blood at rest?

A

38°C

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4
Q

What is the pH of blood at rest?

A

7.4
(7.35-7.45)

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5
Q

How does exercise affect pH of blood?

A

Decreases blood pH
- as low as 6.7

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6
Q

What is venipuncture (phlebotomy)?

A

Procedure of drawing blood from a superficial vein - medical analysis.

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7
Q

What composition of blood is plasma?

A

46-63%

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8
Q

What does blood plasma consist of?

A
  • 92% H20
  • 7% plasma proteins
  • 1% other solutes
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9
Q

What composition of blood is formed elements?

A

37-54%

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10
Q

What does formed elements in blood consist of?

A
  • < 0.1% white blood cells
  • < 0.1% platelets
  • 99.9% red blood cells
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11
Q

What is a haematocrit?

A

(Medical term)
Measures proportion of red blood cells in blood.

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12
Q

What is polycythaemia?

A

High concentration of red blood cells
- very viscous so dehydration

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13
Q

What does it mean when fewer red blood cells are measured from a haematocrit test?

A

Lower concentration of red blood cells (anemia)
- internal bleeding

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14
Q

What is a serum?

A

Fluid part of blood once the clotting factors are removed

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15
Q

What are plasma expanders?

A

Temporarily increase blood plasma volume

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16
Q

What are erythrocytes another term for?

A

Another term for red blood cells

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17
Q

What are erythrocytes?

A

Highly specialised cells containing haemoglobin for O2 and CO2 transport.

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18
Q

What happens to erythrocytes as they develop?

A

Lose most of their organelles

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19
Q

Are erythrocytes capable of self-repair?

A

They are not capable of self-repair

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20
Q

What is the life-span of erythrocytes?

A

120 days

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21
Q

How is energy supplied to erythrocytes?

A

Via anaerobic glycolysis using glucose absorbed from surrounding plasma

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22
Q

Describe the structure of erythrocytes?

A

Bi-concave disc

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23
Q

Why do erythrocytes have a bi-concave disc?

A
  • large SA : V
  • ability to stack up (rouleaux)
  • ability to bend & flex
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24
Q

What does each haemoglobin contain?

A

4 haeme pigment complexes

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25
What does each haeme hold?
An Fe ion that interacts with O to form oxyhaemoglobin. - gives it bright red colour
26
What colour do erythrocytes containing RBCs with deoxyhaemoglobin appear?
dark red
27
What are the 2 ways oxygen is transported in blood?
- dissolved in blood - attached to haemoglobin
28
What 3 ways is CO2 transported in blood?
- dissolved in blood - as bicarbonate ions by reacting with water - attached to haemoglobin (carbaminohaemoglobin)
29
What is anemia and how is it treated?
Blood does not have enough haemoglobin - treated by taking more iron to make up haemoglobin
30
What is sickle cell anemia?
- genetic disease - red blood cells become sickle shape (moon shape) - can't carry much O & sticks in capillaries causing blocks
31
What is erythropoiesis and where does it occur in adults?
Process that produces red blood cells (erythrocytes) - occurs in bone marrow
32
What is erthropoietin (EPO) and why is it released?
Hormone released by kidneys, in response to low levels of oxygen availability (hypoxia)
33
What is an antigen?
A substance that can trigger a protective defence response.
34
How is blood type determined?
By the presence of particular antigens on surface of red blood cells
35
What molecules are the antigens on red blood cells?
Sugars - genetically determined
36
What are the 3 important blood types?
A, B and O - all are surface antigens
37
What does it mean if someone has blood type AB?
Have both A and B type antigens
38
What does it mean if someone has blood type O?
Neither A or B antigens
39
What is agglutination?
Clumping of cells as antibodies attack antigens on 'foreign' red blood cells
40
What happens when the wrong blood type is given to a person?
agglutination
41
Who can receive O blood types?
Anyone
42
Who can receive A+ blood types?
- A+ - AB+
43
Who can receive AB+ blood types?
AB+
44
What do white blood cells do (leukocytes)?
- no haemoglobin - defend against pathogens - remove toxins & waste - attack abnormal cells
45
What is the life span of white blood cells?
Hours - decades
46
Where are white blood cells produced?
Bone marrow
47
What are the 5 classes of leukocytes?
- Nuetrophils (50-70%) - Lymphocytes (20-30%) - Monocytes (2-8%) - Eosinophils (2-4%) - Basophils (<1%)
48
What is the mnemonic to remember the 5 classes of leukocytes?
Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas
49
Where are most white blood cells located?
(Not in circulation) - connective tissue - organs of lymphatic system
50
When do white blood cells circulate in the blood?
Brief period when injury/infection detected
51
What is emigration?
At injury site, white blood cells pass through endothelial cells of blood vessels
52
What can all circulating white blood cells do?
- migrate out of the blood stream - capable of amoeboid movement - attracted to specific chemical stimuli
53
What are lymphocytes and what are the 3 classes of it?
Type of white blood cell - T Cells - B Cells - Natural killer cells
54
What do each of the classes of lymphocytes do?
T cells: (cell-mediated immunity) Travel to target antigens B cells: (antibody-mediated immunity) Secrete antibodies Nature Killer cells: (immune surveillance) Lysis of tumour, parasite or virally infected cells
55
What are the 3 disorders of leukocytes?
- leukpenia - abnormally low white blood cell count - leukocytosis - abnormally high white blood cell count - leukemia - extremely high white blood cell count
56
What is thrombocytopoiesis?
Process by which blood platelets are produced in the bone marrow
57
What is the life span of blood platelets?
9-12 days
58
What are platelets involved in?
Blood clotting
59
Do platelets circulate?
- 2/3 circulate - 1/3 found in spleen (potential reserve)
60
What do platelets do following an injury to vascular wall?
- release enzymes needed for clotting - provide temporary patches - shrink break in blood vessel
61
What is haemostasis?
4 stage process that halts blood loss & establishes a framework for tissue repair.
62
What are the 4 stages of haemostasis?
- vascular phase - platelet phase - coagulation phase - clot retraction
63
What happens in the vascular phase of haemostasis?
- smooth muscle fibres contract to slow blood loss by shrinking cut - basal laminas are exposed to blood - this triggers endothelial cells to release chemicals & hormones - endothelial cells become sticky to bridge the gap between opposite sides of the blood vessel, further reducing blood flow
64
What happens in the platelet phase of haemostasis?
platelets stick to one another - “platelet aggregation” and formation of a “platelet plug”
65
What happens in the coagulation phase of haemostasis?
a series of chemical reactions occur to produce fibrin, which forms a mesh-like clot to further prevent bleeding
66
What happens during clot retraction of haemostasis?
- fibrin clot shrinks and becomes more compact - which helps to stabilise the clot and promote wound healing

BIOS4001 - Blood (1 decks)

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