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anaphy <3 > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

What does the blood transport?

A

gases, nutrients, waste products, processed molecules, and regulatory molecules

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2
Q

what does the blood regulates

A

pH and osmosis

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3
Q

what does the blood maintain

A

body temperature

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4
Q

what does the blood protect us against

A

foreign substances

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5
Q

what does the blood form when blood vessels are damaged

A

clot (by means of clot formation)

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6
Q

it is the essence of life

A

blood

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7
Q

helps maintain homeostasis

A

blood

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8
Q

what are the SPECIFIC substances and gases that the blood transport?

A
  • oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, ions, and water
  • Vitamin D, hormones, enzymes
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9
Q

Helps the blood in maintaining blood pH level

A

buffers

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10
Q

what is the normal limit or range of a blood pH level

A

7.35 - 7.45

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11
Q

blood generates heat or becomes warm by means of ______

A

metabolism

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12
Q

____ ____ forms to damaged blood vessels to protect us against extensive blood loss

A

blood clotting

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13
Q

Composition of blood

A

plasma and formed elements

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14
Q

composition of plasma

A

water, proteins, other substances/solutes

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15
Q

composition of plasma’s proteins

A

albumins, globulins, fibrinogen

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16
Q

composition of plasma’s other solutes

A

ions & gases, nutrients, waste products, regulatory substances

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17
Q

composition of formed elements

A

thrombocytes, leukocytes, erythrocytes

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18
Q

composition of formed element’s leukocytes

A

[NLMEB]
Neutrophils
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Eosinophils
Basophils

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19
Q

(1) ____ is the liquid matrix of the blood that contains the cells and cells fragements called (2) ___

A
  1. Plasma
  2. Formed elements
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20
Q

It is 55% of the total blood volume

A

Plasma

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21
Q

It is the 45% of the total blood volume

A

formed elements

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22
Q

the total blood volume in liters of an average adult female

A

4-5 Liters

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23
Q

the total blood volume in liters of an average adult male

A

5-6 liters

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24
Q

blood makes up the __ of the total body weight

A

8%

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25
Q

__ is the pale yellow fluid of the blood

A

Plasma

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26
Q

Total plasma volume of plasma’s components:

  1. Water -
  2. Proteins -
  3. Other solutes -
A
  1. 91%
  2. 7%
  3. 2%
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27
Q

Plasma’s proteins include ___, ____, ____

A

albumin, globulin, fibrinogen

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28
Q

The 58% of the plasma proteins

A

Albumin

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29
Q

___ makes an important contribution to osmotic pressure asides from Na+ and Cl-

A

Albumin

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30
Q

water balance between the blood is determined by __

A

the movement of water into and out of the blood by osmosis

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31
Q

the 38% of the plasma proteins

A

Globulins

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32
Q

Example of Globulins

A

antibodies and complement

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33
Q

Function of Globulins

A
  1. Transport molecules
  2. Help with clotting factors
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34
Q

the 4% of the plasma proteins

A

fibrinogen

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35
Q

when the clotting factors of fibrinogen activates it will turn into

A

Fibrin

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36
Q

the threadlike protein that forms blood clot

A

fibrin

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37
Q

it is a plasma without the clotting factor

A

serum

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38
Q

Oxygen enters the blood in the __

A

lungs

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39
Q

___ ___ enters the blood from tissues

A

Carbon dioxide

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40
Q

Other substances that are suspended / dissolved in the blood came from the __, __, __, __, __

A

[LIIKE]
Liver
Immune tissues (lymph nodes & spleen)
Intestines
Kidneys
Endocrine glands

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41
Q

[True or False]
The concentration of the substances are NOT regulated & maintained within narrow limits

A

false

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42
Q

[True or False]
The concentration of the substances are regulated & maintained within narrow limits

A

True

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43
Q

plasma’s water acts as a ___ and ___ for blood components

A

solvent, suspending medium

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44
Q

a protein that maintains osmotic pressure

A

albumin

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45
Q

2 types of globulin that destroys foreign substances

A

antibodies and complement

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46
Q

2 types of plasma’s protein that transport molecules

A

albumin and globulin

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47
Q

a protein that form clots

A

fibrinogen

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48
Q

___ ___ catalyze enzymes or chemical reactions

A

regulatory substances

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49
Q

___ ___ stimulate or inhibit body functions or hormones

A

regulatory substances

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50
Q

the ions fhat are involved in osmotic pressure

A

Na+ and Cl-

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51
Q

the ion membrane potentials

A

Na+ and K+

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52
Q

the ions for acid-base balance

A

hydrogen, hydroxide, and bicarbonate ions

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53
Q

nutrients is the source of energy and building blocks of more complex molecules
- state the specific nutrients

A

glucose, amino acids, triglycerides

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54
Q

gases that are involved in aerobic respiration

A

O2 and CO2

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55
Q

__ __ breakdown products of protein metabolism and erythrocytes

A

waste products

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56
Q

Waste products breakdown products of __ __ and __ (red blood cells)

A

protein metabolism, red blood cell

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57
Q

the broken down products of protein metabolism in the plasma are __ and __ __

A

urea, ammonia salts

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58
Q

the broken down product of red blood cells or erythrocytes in the plasma is the __

A

bilirubin

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59
Q

the 2% or other components of plasma are the __, __, __, __ __, and __ __

A

ions, nutrients, gases, waste products, regulatory substances

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60
Q

__ is the process that produces formed elements

A

hematopoiesis

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61
Q

In fetus, hematopoiesis occurs in several tissues such as the __, __, __, __ __, and __ __ __

A

[TRLLS]
Thymus
Red bone marrow
Lymph nodes
Liver
Spleen

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62
Q

___ is confined in the red bone marrow after birth

A

hematopoiesis

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63
Q

hematopoietic stem cells are also called __

A

hemocytoblasts

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64
Q

the formed elements of blood are derived from the __ __ __ or can also be called as __

A

hematopoietic stem cells, hemocytoblasts

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65
Q

the single population of cells

A

hematopoietic stem cells, hemocytoblasts

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66
Q

the 2 types of hematopoietic stem cells

A

myeloid stem cells and lymphoid stem cells

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67
Q

erythrocytes are __ more numerous than leukocytes and __ more numerous than platelets

A

700x, 17x

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68
Q

what is the committed cell of the leukocytes

A

hemocytoblast or hematopoiesis

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69
Q

a cell line will always start with __

A

blast

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70
Q

if a monocyte will transport itself to a specific tissue it will become a __

A

macrophage

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71
Q

two types of lymphocytes

A

T cells and B cells

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72
Q

the committed cell of a lymphocyte stem line

A

lymphoblast

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73
Q

the committed cell of erythropoiesis

A

proerythroblast

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74
Q

the precursor for each cell of erythrocytes

A

proerythroblast

75
Q

__ __ will develop into polychromatophilic erythroblast after 20 hours

A

basophilic erythroblast

76
Q

an erythroblast where the ribosome synthesis occurs

A

basophilic erythroblast

77
Q

a type of erythroblast that highly synthesize hemoglobin

A

polychromatophilic erythroblast

78
Q

the protein synthesized by the ribosome

A

hemoglobin

79
Q

where the injection of nucleus occurs in erythropoiesis

A

orthochromatophilic erythroblast

80
Q

also called as tbe pyknotic nucleus

A

reticulocyte

81
Q

can also be seen in a peripheral blood smear

A

reticulocyte

82
Q

the product of erythropoiesis

A

erythrocytes

83
Q

the committed cell of leukopoiesis

A

myeloblast

84
Q

the myeloid stem cell of thrombopoiesis

A

common myeloid progenitor

85
Q

the committed stem cell of thrombopoiesis

A

megakyroblast

86
Q

the biggest cell and will produce many platelets once it bursts

A

megakaryocyte

87
Q

a type of cell that is disk-shaped

A

red blood cells or erythrocytes

88
Q

the edges of this cell is thicker than the center of the cell

A

erythrocytes

89
Q

with its __ __, it increases the erythrocytes’ surface area in which also allows gases to move into and out more rapidly compare to a flat disc

A

biconcave shape

90
Q

__ is lost during the development of erythrocyte

A

nucleus

91
Q

the small blood vessels where gases enter & leave more often

A

capillaries

92
Q

lifespan of erythrocytes

A

120 days in male
110 days in femals

93
Q

it is responsible for the erythrocytes’ red color and 1/3 of an erythrocytes’ volume

A

hemoglobin

94
Q

__ transport O2 from the lungs to various tissues and CO2 from the tissues to the lungs

A

erythrocytes

95
Q

where does O2 bind inside the RBC

A

hemoglobin

96
Q

consists 4 protein chains and 4 heme groups

A

hemoglobin

97
Q

a rod-pigmented molecule

A

heme

98
Q

__ is what each protein chain is called and is bound to one heme

A

Globin

99
Q

each __ contains one iron atom and O2 will bind to that iron

A

heme

100
Q

a single erythrocytes contains __ molecules of hemoglobin

A

many

101
Q

__% of O2 is dissolved in plasma

A

1.5

102
Q

__% of O2 transported in blood is bound to hemoglobin molecules within RBC

A

98.5

103
Q

[TRUE OR FALSE]
a single erythrocyte contains one molecules of hemoglobin in which allows transport of sufficient O2 to the cells of the body

A

false

104
Q

the primary molecule that binds to hemoglobin

A

O2

105
Q

binds to iron in hemoglobin 210x more readily than O2 does

A

CO or carbon monoxide

106
Q

a type of hemoglobin with an O2 attached

A

oxyhemoglobin

107
Q

a hemoglobin consists __ subunits, each with a __ and a __

A

4
globin and heme

108
Q

remaining __% of CO2 is transported two ways

A

30

109
Q

ways on how CO2 is transported

A
  1. bound to proteins
  2. dissolved in the plasma
110
Q

in the production of erythrocytes, ___ stinulates the red bone marrow to produce more erythrocytes

A

erythropoietin

111
Q

___ will cause kidneys to increase the production of erythropoietin

A

decrease blood O2 levels

112
Q

an increase in erythrocytes will increase blood __ __

A

O2 levels

113
Q

__ break down hemoglobin & these breakdown products are later on used or secreted

A

macrophages

114
Q

hemoglobin is broken down by __

A

macrophages

115
Q

a type of blood cell that lacks hemoglobin

A

leukocytes

116
Q

erythrocytes are __ than leukocytes

A

smaller

117
Q

a type of blood cell that contains nucleus

A

leukocytes

118
Q

a type of blood cell that fights infection and remove debris or dead cells by phagocytosis

A

leukocytes

119
Q

leukocytes remove debris and dead cells by ___

A

phagocytosis

120
Q

contain specific granules and include neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

A

granulocytes

121
Q

__ is the movement of WBCs from the blood to the tissues

A

ameboid movement

122
Q

__ is the most common type of leukocytes

A

neutrophil

123
Q

remain in the blood for 10 to 12 hours then move to tissues

A

neutrophils

124
Q

this cell phagocytes

A

neutrophils

125
Q

type of leukocytes that reduce inflammation

A

eosinophils

126
Q

it is the least common leukocytes

A

basophils

127
Q

it is the type of leukocyte that release histamin and heparin

A

basophils

128
Q

the type of leukocyte that destroy parasites

A

eosinophils

129
Q

what do you call the types of leukocytes that has no specific granules

A

agranulocytes

130
Q

what are the types of leukocytes that are agranulocytes

A

monocytes and lymphocytes

131
Q

they are the largest white blood cell

A

monocytes

132
Q

the WBC that produce macrophages

A

monocytes

133
Q

the WBC that plays a role in immune response

A

Lymphocytes

134
Q

lymphocytes has several different types such as __ and __

A

T cells, B cells

135
Q

__, a type of WBC, lead to productions of antibodies

A

lymphocytes

136
Q

platelets could also be referred or called as ___

A

thrombocytes

137
Q

they are minute fragments of cells

A

platelets

138
Q

a cell type that consist a small amount of cytoplasm surrounded by a cell membrane

A

platelets

139
Q

platelets are produced in the red bone marrow from large cells called

A

megakaryocytes

140
Q

this type of cell play an important role in preventing blood loss

A

platelets

141
Q

when blood vessels are damaged, blood can (1) __ into other tissues and disrupt (2) __ function

A

(1) leak
(2) normal

142
Q

blood that is lost must be replaced by production of new blood or by a ___

A

transfusion

143
Q

process of hemostasis

A

vessel constriction - - > primary hemostasis - - > fibrin clot conversion

144
Q

it is an immediate but temporary constriction of blood vessel that results when smooth muscle within the wall of the vessel contracts

A

vascular spasm

145
Q

the __ of vascular spasm can close small vessels completely and stop the flow of blood through them

A

constriction

146
Q

__ __ is stimulated by chemicals released by cells of the damaged blood vessel wall and by platelets

A

vascular spasm

147
Q

it is limiting of blood flow of the damaged blood vessel areas

A

vascular spasm

148
Q

blood can be transformed from a liquid to a __

A

gel

149
Q

it is a fibrin that trap blood cells and fluid

A

clot

150
Q

It is a thread-like proteins called __

A

fibrin

151
Q

the clotting factors requires __ in plasma

A

proteins

152
Q

clotting factors start only when activated following __

(a) Na+ and Cl- production
(b) injury

A

injury

153
Q

clotting factors are made in the __

A

liver

154
Q

clotting factors required vitamin _

A

K

155
Q

first step of clot formstion is when the clotting factors activate due to exposed connective tissue or release of __

A

thromboplastin

156
Q

after the 1st step of clot formation, __ is formed and acts upon prothrombin

A

prothrombinase

157
Q

3rd step of clot formation is when prothrombin is switch to its active form __

A

thrombin

158
Q

clot formation’s 4th step is when the thrombin activates (1) __ inyo its active form (2) __

A
  1. fibrinogen
  2. fibrin
159
Q

the last step of clot formation is that the (1)__ forms a network that traps (2)__ (clots)

A
  1. fibrin
  2. blood
160
Q

summary of clot formation

A

injured blood vessel - - > release: thromboplastin - - > prothrombinase form - - > prothrombin - - > thrombin - - > activates fibrinogen - - > fibrin - - > clot

161
Q

clots need to be (1) __ so they (2) (do/do not) spread throughouy the body

A
  1. controlled
  2. do not
162
Q

__ prevent clots from forming

A

anticoagulants

163
Q

give example of anticoagulant

A

heparin and antithrombin

164
Q

injury causes enough clotting factors to be activated that result for __ to not work in that particular area

A

anticoagulants

165
Q

during clot retraction, clot is being __

A

condensed

166
Q

during clot retraction, __ in plasma is squeezed out of clot

A

serum

167
Q

clot retraction helps __ healing

A

enhance

168
Q

the process of dissolving clot is __

A

fibrinolysis

169
Q

in fibrinolysis, (1) __ breaks down (2) __ (fibrin)

A
  1. plasminogen
  2. clot
170
Q

injury or surgery can lead to a __ __

A

blood transfusion

171
Q

neutrophil could also be called as

A

polymorphonuclear

172
Q

a type of leukocyte that has 3-5 nucleus

A

neutrophil

173
Q

a type of leukocyte that has a short lifespan

A

neutrophil

174
Q

neutrophil is __% in the blood

A

60-70

175
Q

lymphocyte is __% in the blood

A

20-25

176
Q

lymphocyte has a __ shape nucleus

A

round/spherical

177
Q

__ has a thin cytoplasm; a type of leukocytes

A

lymphocyte

178
Q

this leukocyte has a life span of months to years

A

lymphocyte

179
Q

monocyte is __% in the blood

A

3-8

180
Q

a leukocyte that has a indented/kidney-bean shaped, horshoe shaped nucleus

A

monocyte

181
Q

monocyte’s lifespan

A

few days

182
Q

eaosinophil is __% in the blood

A

2-4

183
Q

basophil is __% in the blood

A

0.5-1

anaphy <3 (2 decks)

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