Blood Flashcards
What does the blood transport?
gases, nutrients, waste products, processed molecules, and regulatory molecules
what does the blood regulates
pH and osmosis
what does the blood maintain
body temperature
what does the blood protect us against
foreign substances
what does the blood form when blood vessels are damaged
clot (by means of clot formation)
it is the essence of life
blood
helps maintain homeostasis
blood
what are the SPECIFIC substances and gases that the blood transport?
- oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, ions, and water
- Vitamin D, hormones, enzymes
Helps the blood in maintaining blood pH level
buffers
what is the normal limit or range of a blood pH level
7.35 - 7.45
blood generates heat or becomes warm by means of ______
metabolism
____ ____ forms to damaged blood vessels to protect us against extensive blood loss
blood clotting
Composition of blood
plasma and formed elements
composition of plasma
water, proteins, other substances/solutes
composition of plasma’s proteins
albumins, globulins, fibrinogen
composition of plasma’s other solutes
ions & gases, nutrients, waste products, regulatory substances
composition of formed elements
thrombocytes, leukocytes, erythrocytes
composition of formed element’s leukocytes
[NLMEB]
Neutrophils
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Eosinophils
Basophils
(1) ____ is the liquid matrix of the blood that contains the cells and cells fragements called (2) ___
- Plasma
- Formed elements
It is 55% of the total blood volume
Plasma
It is the 45% of the total blood volume
formed elements
the total blood volume in liters of an average adult female
4-5 Liters
the total blood volume in liters of an average adult male
5-6 liters
blood makes up the __ of the total body weight
8%
__ is the pale yellow fluid of the blood
Plasma
Total plasma volume of plasma’s components:
- Water -
- Proteins -
- Other solutes -
- 91%
- 7%
- 2%
Plasma’s proteins include ___, ____, ____
albumin, globulin, fibrinogen
The 58% of the plasma proteins
Albumin
___ makes an important contribution to osmotic pressure asides from Na+ and Cl-
Albumin
water balance between the blood is determined by __
the movement of water into and out of the blood by osmosis
the 38% of the plasma proteins
Globulins
Example of Globulins
antibodies and complement
Function of Globulins
- Transport molecules
- Help with clotting factors
the 4% of the plasma proteins
fibrinogen
when the clotting factors of fibrinogen activates it will turn into
Fibrin
the threadlike protein that forms blood clot
fibrin
it is a plasma without the clotting factor
serum
Oxygen enters the blood in the __
lungs
___ ___ enters the blood from tissues
Carbon dioxide
Other substances that are suspended / dissolved in the blood came from the __, __, __, __, __
[LIIKE]
Liver
Immune tissues (lymph nodes & spleen)
Intestines
Kidneys
Endocrine glands
[True or False]
The concentration of the substances are NOT regulated & maintained within narrow limits
false
[True or False]
The concentration of the substances are regulated & maintained within narrow limits
True
plasma’s water acts as a ___ and ___ for blood components
solvent, suspending medium
a protein that maintains osmotic pressure
albumin
2 types of globulin that destroys foreign substances
antibodies and complement
2 types of plasma’s protein that transport molecules
albumin and globulin
a protein that form clots
fibrinogen
___ ___ catalyze enzymes or chemical reactions
regulatory substances
___ ___ stimulate or inhibit body functions or hormones
regulatory substances
the ions fhat are involved in osmotic pressure
Na+ and Cl-
the ion membrane potentials
Na+ and K+
the ions for acid-base balance
hydrogen, hydroxide, and bicarbonate ions
nutrients is the source of energy and building blocks of more complex molecules
- state the specific nutrients
glucose, amino acids, triglycerides
gases that are involved in aerobic respiration
O2 and CO2
__ __ breakdown products of protein metabolism and erythrocytes
waste products
Waste products breakdown products of __ __ and __ (red blood cells)
protein metabolism, red blood cell
the broken down products of protein metabolism in the plasma are __ and __ __
urea, ammonia salts
the broken down product of red blood cells or erythrocytes in the plasma is the __
bilirubin
the 2% or other components of plasma are the __, __, __, __ __, and __ __
ions, nutrients, gases, waste products, regulatory substances
__ is the process that produces formed elements
hematopoiesis
In fetus, hematopoiesis occurs in several tissues such as the __, __, __, __ __, and __ __ __
[TRLLS]
Thymus
Red bone marrow
Lymph nodes
Liver
Spleen
___ is confined in the red bone marrow after birth
hematopoiesis
hematopoietic stem cells are also called __
hemocytoblasts
the formed elements of blood are derived from the __ __ __ or can also be called as __
hematopoietic stem cells, hemocytoblasts
the single population of cells
hematopoietic stem cells, hemocytoblasts
the 2 types of hematopoietic stem cells
myeloid stem cells and lymphoid stem cells
erythrocytes are __ more numerous than leukocytes and __ more numerous than platelets
700x, 17x
what is the committed cell of the leukocytes
hemocytoblast or hematopoiesis
a cell line will always start with __
blast
if a monocyte will transport itself to a specific tissue it will become a __
macrophage
two types of lymphocytes
T cells and B cells
the committed cell of a lymphocyte stem line
lymphoblast
the committed cell of erythropoiesis
proerythroblast
the precursor for each cell of erythrocytes
proerythroblast
__ __ will develop into polychromatophilic erythroblast after 20 hours
basophilic erythroblast
an erythroblast where the ribosome synthesis occurs
basophilic erythroblast
a type of erythroblast that highly synthesize hemoglobin
polychromatophilic erythroblast
the protein synthesized by the ribosome
hemoglobin
where the injection of nucleus occurs in erythropoiesis
orthochromatophilic erythroblast
also called as tbe pyknotic nucleus
reticulocyte
can also be seen in a peripheral blood smear
reticulocyte
the product of erythropoiesis
erythrocytes
the committed cell of leukopoiesis
myeloblast
the myeloid stem cell of thrombopoiesis
common myeloid progenitor
the committed stem cell of thrombopoiesis
megakyroblast
the biggest cell and will produce many platelets once it bursts
megakaryocyte
a type of cell that is disk-shaped
red blood cells or erythrocytes
the edges of this cell is thicker than the center of the cell
erythrocytes
with its __ __, it increases the erythrocytes’ surface area in which also allows gases to move into and out more rapidly compare to a flat disc
biconcave shape
__ is lost during the development of erythrocyte
nucleus
the small blood vessels where gases enter & leave more often
capillaries
lifespan of erythrocytes
120 days in male
110 days in femals
it is responsible for the erythrocytes’ red color and 1/3 of an erythrocytes’ volume
hemoglobin
__ transport O2 from the lungs to various tissues and CO2 from the tissues to the lungs
erythrocytes
where does O2 bind inside the RBC
hemoglobin
consists 4 protein chains and 4 heme groups
hemoglobin
a rod-pigmented molecule
heme
__ is what each protein chain is called and is bound to one heme
Globin
each __ contains one iron atom and O2 will bind to that iron
heme
a single erythrocytes contains __ molecules of hemoglobin
many
__% of O2 is dissolved in plasma
1.5
__% of O2 transported in blood is bound to hemoglobin molecules within RBC
98.5
[TRUE OR FALSE]
a single erythrocyte contains one molecules of hemoglobin in which allows transport of sufficient O2 to the cells of the body
false
the primary molecule that binds to hemoglobin
O2
binds to iron in hemoglobin 210x more readily than O2 does
CO or carbon monoxide
a type of hemoglobin with an O2 attached
oxyhemoglobin
a hemoglobin consists __ subunits, each with a __ and a __
4
globin and heme
remaining __% of CO2 is transported two ways
30
ways on how CO2 is transported
- bound to proteins
- dissolved in the plasma
in the production of erythrocytes, ___ stinulates the red bone marrow to produce more erythrocytes
erythropoietin
___ will cause kidneys to increase the production of erythropoietin
decrease blood O2 levels
an increase in erythrocytes will increase blood __ __
O2 levels
__ break down hemoglobin & these breakdown products are later on used or secreted
macrophages
hemoglobin is broken down by __
macrophages
a type of blood cell that lacks hemoglobin
leukocytes
erythrocytes are __ than leukocytes
smaller
a type of blood cell that contains nucleus
leukocytes
a type of blood cell that fights infection and remove debris or dead cells by phagocytosis
leukocytes
leukocytes remove debris and dead cells by ___
phagocytosis
contain specific granules and include neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
granulocytes
__ is the movement of WBCs from the blood to the tissues
ameboid movement
__ is the most common type of leukocytes
neutrophil
remain in the blood for 10 to 12 hours then move to tissues
neutrophils
this cell phagocytes
neutrophils
type of leukocytes that reduce inflammation
eosinophils
it is the least common leukocytes
basophils
it is the type of leukocyte that release histamin and heparin
basophils
the type of leukocyte that destroy parasites
eosinophils
what do you call the types of leukocytes that has no specific granules
agranulocytes
what are the types of leukocytes that are agranulocytes
monocytes and lymphocytes
they are the largest white blood cell
monocytes
the WBC that produce macrophages
monocytes
the WBC that plays a role in immune response
Lymphocytes
lymphocytes has several different types such as __ and __
T cells, B cells
__, a type of WBC, lead to productions of antibodies
lymphocytes
platelets could also be referred or called as ___
thrombocytes
they are minute fragments of cells
platelets
a cell type that consist a small amount of cytoplasm surrounded by a cell membrane
platelets
platelets are produced in the red bone marrow from large cells called
megakaryocytes
this type of cell play an important role in preventing blood loss
platelets
when blood vessels are damaged, blood can (1) __ into other tissues and disrupt (2) __ function
(1) leak
(2) normal
blood that is lost must be replaced by production of new blood or by a ___
transfusion
process of hemostasis
vessel constriction - - > primary hemostasis - - > fibrin clot conversion
it is an immediate but temporary constriction of blood vessel that results when smooth muscle within the wall of the vessel contracts
vascular spasm
the __ of vascular spasm can close small vessels completely and stop the flow of blood through them
constriction
__ __ is stimulated by chemicals released by cells of the damaged blood vessel wall and by platelets
vascular spasm
it is limiting of blood flow of the damaged blood vessel areas
vascular spasm
blood can be transformed from a liquid to a __
gel
it is a fibrin that trap blood cells and fluid
clot
It is a thread-like proteins called __
fibrin
the clotting factors requires __ in plasma
proteins
clotting factors start only when activated following __
(a) Na+ and Cl- production
(b) injury
injury
clotting factors are made in the __
liver
clotting factors required vitamin _
K
first step of clot formstion is when the clotting factors activate due to exposed connective tissue or release of __
thromboplastin
after the 1st step of clot formation, __ is formed and acts upon prothrombin
prothrombinase
3rd step of clot formation is when prothrombin is switch to its active form __
thrombin
clot formation’s 4th step is when the thrombin activates (1) __ inyo its active form (2) __
- fibrinogen
- fibrin
the last step of clot formation is that the (1)__ forms a network that traps (2)__ (clots)
- fibrin
- blood
summary of clot formation
injured blood vessel - - > release: thromboplastin - - > prothrombinase form - - > prothrombin - - > thrombin - - > activates fibrinogen - - > fibrin - - > clot
clots need to be (1) __ so they (2) (do/do not) spread throughouy the body
- controlled
- do not
__ prevent clots from forming
anticoagulants
give example of anticoagulant
heparin and antithrombin
injury causes enough clotting factors to be activated that result for __ to not work in that particular area
anticoagulants
during clot retraction, clot is being __
condensed
during clot retraction, __ in plasma is squeezed out of clot
serum
clot retraction helps __ healing
enhance
the process of dissolving clot is __
fibrinolysis
in fibrinolysis, (1) __ breaks down (2) __ (fibrin)
- plasminogen
- clot
injury or surgery can lead to a __ __
blood transfusion
neutrophil could also be called as
polymorphonuclear
a type of leukocyte that has 3-5 nucleus
neutrophil
a type of leukocyte that has a short lifespan
neutrophil
neutrophil is __% in the blood
60-70
lymphocyte is __% in the blood
20-25
lymphocyte has a __ shape nucleus
round/spherical
__ has a thin cytoplasm; a type of leukocytes
lymphocyte
this leukocyte has a life span of months to years
lymphocyte
monocyte is __% in the blood
3-8
a leukocyte that has a indented/kidney-bean shaped, horshoe shaped nucleus
monocyte
monocyte’s lifespan
few days
eaosinophil is __% in the blood
2-4
basophil is __% in the blood
0.5-1
