Blood

Question 1

What growth factors cause maturation of RBC?

Answer 1

-interleukin 3
-erythropoietin
-androgens
-thyroxine
-growth hormone

Question 2

what are reticulocytes?

Answer 2

immature RBC

Question 3

Name given to the remnants of ribosomal mRNA left once the nucleus of a maturing RBC has been extruded

Answer 3

Reticulin

Question 4

How much iron do adults have in their body?

Answer 4

3000-5000mg of iron

Question 5

If a diet contains 10-20mg of iron, how much is absorbed in ferrous form?

Answer 5

1-2mg

Question 6

What does hepcidin do?

Answer 6

Regulates iron absorption and release from macrophages- increased in inflammatory disease hence less available iron

Question 7

Where does ‘haem’ iron and ‘non-haem’ iron come from?

Answer 7

haem - meat
non-haem - leafy greens, pulses, nuts

Question 8

What does ferritin do?

Answer 8

stores iron in insoluble form

Question 9

Where is erythropoietin secreted?

Answer 9

glycoprotein cytokine mainly produced by interstitial cells in kidneys

Question 10

What does erythropoietin do?

Answer 10

stimulates stem cells of the blood marrow to produce erythopoiesis

Question 11

what switches on Erythropoietin secretion?

Answer 11

tissue hypoxia
high altitude
epo producing tumours such as renal

Question 12

what is the structure of haemoglobin In adults ?

Answer 12

2 alpha and 2 beta chains

Question 13

structure of haemoglobin in foetus?

Answer 13

2 alpha and 2 gamma chains

Question 14

what does myoglobin do?

Answer 14

stores oxygen in skeletal muscle for immediate use

Question 15

what is thalassaemia?

Answer 15

Thalassemia is an inherited blood disorder caused when the body doesn’t make enough of a protein called hemoglobin (imbalance of globin chain production)

Question 16

What are platelets formed from?

Answer 16

megakaryocytes in bone marrow

Question 17

what do platelets do

Answer 17

form a platelet plug following collagen exposure or lowered prostacyclin

Question 18

what do platelets release to vasoconstrict?

Answer 18

thromboxane A2 and serotonin

Question 19

how do platelets bind to vessel wall?

Answer 19

via Von Willibrand’s factor and Glycoprotein Ib

Question 20

when would someones ferritin be high but have iron-deficiency anaemia?

Answer 20

during period of inflammation in body

Question 21

what converts plasminogen to plasmin

Answer 21

tissue plasminogen activator

Question 22

what is fibrin broken down into?

Answer 22

fibrin degradation products (include D dimers)

Question 23

what does factor XIIIa bind with to stabilise the fibrin clot?

Answer 23

calcium

Question 24

what does polychromasia indicate?

Answer 24

red blood cells being released prematurely from bone marrow during formation

Question 25

what are spherocytes

Answer 25

Spherocytes are round RBCs that are smaller in diameter than normal RBCs, lack central pallor, and have a denser (hyperchromic) staining quality. Thus the MCV is typically decreased, especially in more severe disease, and the MCHC can be high

Question 26

what are Howell jolly bodies

Answer 26

Howell-Jolly bodies are remnants of RBC nuclei that are normally removed by the spleen

Question 27

What coagulation factors are vitamin K dependent?

Answer 27

Prothrombin, FVII, FIX, protein C, and protein S

Question 28

What drug has rapidly improved prognosis for chronic myeloid leukaemia?

Answer 28

imanitrib

Question 29

what are the ion concentrations intracellularly of potassium, sodium and chloride

Answer 29

potassium - 140 sodium - 15 chloride - 5

Question 30

ion concentrations extracellularly?

Answer 30

potassium - 5 sodium - 140 chloride - 110

Question 31

what does INR measure

Answer 31

prothrombin time