Blood Flashcards
What is blood fluid considered and made up of
Blood fluid is considered connective tissue made of plasma and formed elements
Plasma
A cellular non-living component typical make up -92% water, -7% protein (albumins, globulins, fibrinogen) -1% Other dissolved solute’s
Albumins
60% of dissolved proteins, major role in maintaining colloid osmotic a.k.a. oncotic pressure
Globulins
35% of dissolved proteins in plasma, includes immunoglobulins a.k.a. antibodies and transferrin that transports iron for use by hemoglobin
Fibrinogen
4% of dissolved proteins in blood plasma. Precursor to fibrin, used in blood coagulation/clotting
Other dissolved Solute’s and plasma
1% includes organic molecules amino acids glucose and metabolic waste, ions sodium chlorine, vitamins, dissolved gases O2 and CO2
Hematocrit, formed elements that are cellular/living components of blood
- Erythrocytes : Red blood cells, percentage of total blood volume termed •Hematocrit (HCT) [differs in male 45% and females 42%]
- leukocytes: WBC 5 types %1 of blood
- thrombocytosis: (platelets) cell fragments of megakaryocytes function in coagulation
Where are blood cells are produced primarily
In some bone marrow in adults and in fetuses in the liver spleen and all of the bones
All blood cells start as blank which follow a pathway to become either blank or blank
Undifferentiated pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells
Lymphocytes
Committed progenitors cells > eventually turn into a particular cell type such as erythrocytes and monocytes
Lifespan and production rate of white blood cells and red blood cells
White blood cells live hours to day’s so must be produced more regularly than red blood cells which live about 120 days
-Control of production is very complicated cytokines play a major role
3 Cytokines that play a major role in white blood cell production and red blood cell production
- Colony stimulating factors (CSF)
- Erythropoietin (EPO)
- Thrombopoietin (TPO)

Colonies stimulating factors CSFcontrol and production
1.Control leukopoiesis
(which is the production of leukocytes.) 2. CSF are produced by endothelial cells, fibroblast and other leukocytes. 3. The latter is a unique way that allow production of specific white blood cells to fight specific pathogens.
(The cytokines are given a special term interleukins because they communicate between leukocytes.)

How can interleukins help clinicians identify and diagnose diseases
Clinicians can use the *differential white cell count, which is the ratio of percentage of white blood cell types in the blood to help diagnose diseases. -
-Example large amount of neutrophils equals bacterial infection, large amount of lymphocytes equals viral infection
Leukemia
Blood cancer, caused by overproduction of leukocytes
Erythropoietin (EPO) Control and production
- Controls erythropoiesis and production of red blood cells.
- EPO is produced in kidneys in response to hypoxia.
- Acts like a peptide hormone but is not produced and stored, instead is made on demand through actions of intermediary transcription factors. (HIF-1)
- Synthetic generated EPO is used to raise red blood cells and chemotherapy patients and buy some athletes (blood doping)
* Side effects include increased blood clots, polycythemia (HCT >60-70%), hypertension.
4.
Thrombopoietion (TPO) Control and production
- Controls the growth and maturation of megakaryocytes a.k.a. thrombocytosis a.k.a. platelets.
- Produce primarily in the liver.
- Also it has been synthesized with varying success due to adverse side effects when used clinically
How are Erythrocytes unique cells
- They have lost/ejected there nucleus, I have no mitochondria or endoplasmic reticulum, can only produce ATP through glycolysis.
- They are small and flexible by concave discs shape is maintained by those cytoskeleton‘s to be able to squeeze through capillaries.
- Can increase or decrease their size in response to tonicity of plasma. They are essentially membranous bags of enzymes and hemoglobin
What is hemoglobin made up of
For globin proteins subunits 2 alpha and 2 beta, with a heme group in the center an iron atom sits in the middle of each hemi group which is what O2 binds to.
Iron
 FE is in organic metal trace elements obtained from diet, transported in plasma by transferrin, and stored in the liver. Excess iron intake especially in children can be toxic
Because red blood cells lack the ability to make a new membrane
Red blood cells become fragile and live about 120 days. Dying cells are recycled into amino acids (from globulin proteins) and Bilirubin (from heme groups) by the liver/Spleen.
Bilirubin
- From recycled red blood cells by liver/spleen from heme group.
- Incorporated into bile for digestive functions and excreted in feces and urine, giving it it’s characteristic yellow color.
- Also responsible for yellow coloration seen in people with jaundice indicating liver disease
What are the symptoms of Red blood cell disorders/diseases that lower blood 02 carrying capacity, that caused different forms of anemia symptoms
Fatigue and weakness
Causes of anemia
- (Accelerated blood loss)
1. Blood loss: normal red blood size and hemoglobin, but lower number of cells
2. Hemolytic anemias: ( high rate of cells rupturing) can be - hereditary: example membrane, enzyme, or hemoglobin defects (example sickle cell disease) or -acquired exam or parasitic infections example malaria, drugs, auto immune disease.
- (Decrease red blood cell or hemoglobin production)
3. Aplastic anemia (due to drugs or radiation), deficiency and iron, vitamin B 12, folic acid. Needed for heme synthesis and replication of DNA, iron deficiency is a specially common in menstruating women.
4. Low EPO production: low RBC production
Mean corpuscular volume MCV average volume/size of red blood cells
Is a common measurement that can diagnose iron deficiency anemia =
Low MCV.
High MCV= ???
Anemia is also reflected in
Low hematocrit HCT and or low hemoglobin Content Hb
Hemostasis definition and 3 steps
The process of stopping blood loss
- Vasoconstriction: immediate response sometimes called vessel spasm that restricts blood flow to the area, same as applying pressure to the wound.
- Platelet plug: temporary blockage formed by adhesion of thrombocyte platelets to collagen that has been exposed in the wound. One platelets and here they were these chemical signals of (5- HT, ADP, PAF) that caused for their platelet adhesion.
* An example of a positive feedback loop. Meanwhile chemical signals from intact endothelial cells (NO, prostacyclin) prevent adhesion to them. - Coagulation: Monster of a cascade that converts the platelet plug into a more permanent clot until the tissue repair can be completed
Coagulation cascade
- Has two separate but interacting pathways that merge into one. The intrinsic contact dependent pathway and the extrinsic cell injury pathway will eventually combined their products to complete the common pathway.
- this process converts a number of proteins from there in active forms into their active forms with the assistance of calcium and the end result being the production of fibrin which forms the clot.
Coagulation cascade components common pathway.
12 factors/proteins.
Common pathway uses both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways to convert factor 10 into its active form.
Prothrombin > thrombin> fibrinogen > fibrin then forms clot

Breakdown of the clot
Done by fibrinolysis done by plasmin as the tissues begin to repair.
Plasminogen > plasmin
(Converted by tissue plasminogen activator tPA)
The hair trigger effective coagulation is offset by
- Anticoagulants produced by the endothelial cells and mast cells which include heparin anti-thrombin three and proteins C.
- Pathology‘s associated with coagulation include forms of hemophilia more common and X-chromosome‘s a.k.a. men
