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Medical Terminology > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What are functions of Blood?

A
  1. Clot Formation
  2. Transports hormones and signals tissue damage
  3. Immunological functions and prevention of infection
  4. Helps regulate Ph, temperature, water concentration and osmotic function.
  5. Helps remove waste products like Co2, urea, and lactic acid.
  6. Transports oxygen and nutrients.
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2
Q

What is viscosity?

A

Thickness of blood

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3
Q

Too much NaCl in blood means what?

A

High blood pressure

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4
Q

Too little NaCl in blood means what?

A

Low blood pressure

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5
Q

What is a term for the concentration of solutes in blood?

A

Osmolarity

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6
Q

What is a clear extracellular fluid with plasma proteins and dissolved solutes?

A

Plasma

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7
Q

What produces plasma proteins?

A

The liver

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8
Q

What are solutes?

A
  1. Electrolytes
  2. Nutrients
  3. Gases
  4. Hormones
  5. Waste Products
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9
Q

What are the formed elements?

A
  1. Erythrocytes (RBC’s)
  2. Leukocytes (WBC’s)
  3. Platelets (Small Fragments)
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10
Q

Survive for short time; most do not divide, are replenished by Red Bone Marrow.

A

Formed Elements

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11
Q

The percentage of all formed elements in the blood.

A

Hematocrit

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12
Q

What is buffy coat?

A

Amounts to less than 1% of whole blood sample, contains majority of WBC’s and plateletts.

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13
Q

What makes up 55% of a blood sample?

A

Plasma

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14
Q

What percentages make up a blood sample?

A

Formed elements = 45%
Buffy coat = < or equal to 1%
Plasma = 55%

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15
Q

What is viscosity?

A

The thickness of blood.

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16
Q

What is osmolarity?

A

The concentration of solutes.

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17
Q

What is the most important factor in viscosity?

A

Water

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18
Q

What are three plasma proteins?

A
  1. Albumin
  2. Globulin
  3. Fibrinogen
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19
Q

Where is Albumin produced?

A

The liver

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20
Q

Where is globulin produced?

A

The liver

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21
Q

Where is fibrinogen produced?

A

The liver

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22
Q

Which plasma protein is most abundant ?

A

Albumin

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23
Q

What are major characteristics of erythrocytes?

A
  1. Bi-concave disc
  2. Lack nucleus and organelles
  3. Blood viscosity
  4. Transport oxygen and Co2 via hemoglobin
24
Q

What is hemoglobin?

A

Substance found in red blood cells that makes it possible for blood transport of oxygen throughout the body (can bind up to 4 oxygens at one time).

25
Q

Where is hemoglobin found?

A

Red blood cells

26
Q

With hemoglobin, where does O2 bind specifically?

A

To iron molecules.

27
Q

What is hematopoiesis? Where does it take place?

A

The formation of blood cells. Occurs in red bone marrow.

28
Q

What do myeloid and lymphoid stem cells eventually become?

A
  1. Myeloid - erythrocytes, platelet, granulocytes

2. Lymphocytes

29
Q

What are leukocytes?

A

• Granulocytes
• Contain numerous, large, easily visible
vesicles (lysosome, peroxisome – chemicals
that will destroy bacteria)

30
Q

What are the 3 different types of granulocytes?

A
  • Neutrophils
  • Eosinophils
  • Basophils
31
Q

What is the most abundant granulocyte?

A

Neutrophils

32
Q

What are Agranulocytes?

A

Lack OBVIOUS granules/vesicles but some are still present

33
Q

What are 2 types of agranulocytes?

A
  1. Lymphosites

2. Monocytes

34
Q

What is the most common type of agranulocyte?

A

Lymphocytes

35
Q

Which blood cell can turn into a macrophage?

A

Monocytes

36
Q

What are platelets derived from and what do platelets do?

A

• Thrombocytes - Small fragments of a
megakaryocyte = a derivative of the myeloid stem cell
• Functions:
• Secrete clotting factors, growth factors and vasoconstrictors in broken vessels
• Initiate blood clotting
• Attract WBCs to sites of inflammation

37
Q

• Reside in lymphatic organs/structures
• Grow when activated = can be 2x larger than RBCs
• ↑ in viral infections, bacterial infections, cancers
• B cells – produce antibodies
• T cells – manage and direct immune
response
• Natural killer cells – attack abnormal or infected cells

A

Lymphocytes

38
Q

• Least numerous granulocyte
• ↑ allergies, leukemias, cancers
• Primary components are histamine and heparin
• Histamine (vasodilation – ↑blood flow)
• Itchy and runny nose, watery eyes
• Anti-histamines
• Heparin (anti-coagulant promotes mobility
of WBCs)
• Prevents blood clot formation
• Venous thrombosis, pulmonary embolisms, coronary artery clots

A

Basophils

39
Q 
• Reddish or pink-orange granules
• 1.5X larger than erythrocyte
• ↑ during parasitic infections and allergies
• Phagocytosis of allergens
• Release enzymes that destroy
parasites/worms
A

Eosinophils

40
Q 
• Most numerous of WBCs
• Neutral or pale colored granules
• 1.5X larger than erythrocyte
• Enter tissue spaces and phagocytize
pathogens, especially bacteria
• Increased dramatically during
bacterial infection
A

Neutrophils

41
Q

Any condition with reduced erythrocytes

A

Anemia

42
Q

Which type of anemia stems from defective bone marrow and results in
decreased production?

A

Aplastic anemia

43
Q

Which type of anemia? Blood loss; heavy menstrual flow, ulcers.

A

Hemorrhagic anemia

44
Q

Which type of anemia? Decreased absorption of B12.

A

Pernicious anemia

45
Q

Which type of anemia? Erythrocytes are sickle shaped; unable to flow efficiently, destroyed in 10—20 days.

A

Sickle-cell anemia

46
Q

Increasing number of red blood cells to

carry more oxygen.

A

Blood doping

47
Q

What are two major blood groups?

A
  • ABO

* Rh Factor

48
Q 
Each hemoglobin can carry how
many oxygens?
a. 1
b. 2
c. 4
d. 100
e. ~ 1 billion
A

c. 4

49
Q

You’ve collected blood from your patient and
spun it down. Which would you not expect to
find in the formed elements?
a. Lymphocytes
b. Erythrocytes
c. Platelets
d. Albumin
e. All of these would be found in the formed elements

A

e. All of these would be found in the formed elements

50
Q

You’ve started working out really hard to get in
shape for the summer. However, you haven’t
been drinking enough water leading you to become dehydrated. Which of the following would you expect?
a. Decreased blood osmolarity
b. Increased blood viscosity
c. Decreased blood viscosity
d. Increased WBC production
e. None of the above

A

b. Increased blood viscosity

51
Q

Yay! You just got your coronavirus vaccine. Which of the following would you expect to be increased?

a. Neutrophils
b. Eosinophils
c. Basophils
d. Lymphocytes
e. Platelets

A

d. Lymphocytes

52
Q

Natural Killer cells come from:

a. Myeloid stem cells
b. Lymphoid stem cells
c. Megakaryocytes
d. Pro-erythtroblasts
e. T-lymphoblasts

A

b. Lymphoid stem cells

53
Q

Which of the following is true of
erythropoietin?
a. It is produced in the kidney to increase the production of
lymphocytes
b. It is produced in the liver to increase the production of lymphocytes
c. It is produced in the kidney to increase the production erythrocytes
d. It is produced in the kidney to increase the production of
erythrocytes
e. It is produced in the kidney to decrease the production of
lymphocytes

A

c. It is produced in the kidney to increase the production erythrocytes

54
Q

Produced by kidney to stimulate RBC

production.

A

Erythropoietin

55
Q

Produced by liver to stimulate platelet

formation.

A

Thrombopoietin

Medical Terminology (7 decks)

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