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Block 3, week 4 Dani > Blomquist lipid lectures > Flashcards

Blomquist lipid lectures Flashcards

1
Q

How do we turn TAGs into MAGs?

A

ATGL turns Tag into DAG
HSL turns DAG into MAG
What are both ATGL and HSL activated by? PKA phosphorylation

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2
Q

What inhibits lipid mobilization (i.e breakdown).

A

caveloin

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3
Q

What makes up a phospholipid?

A

glycerol, fatty acids, phosphate and a base

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4
Q

What are the bases of phospholipids?

A

Ethanolamine, choline, serine, glycerol, myo-inositol

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5
Q

What does a glycerol molecule look like?

A

has three OH groups

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6
Q

What kind of bridge does a phospholipid have?

A

a phosphodiester bridge

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7
Q

Describe the strucuture of a phospholipid.

A

2 fatty acids and a glycerol (DAG) plus a phosphodiester bridge to add a phosphate, and a base

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8
Q

(blank) in fatty acids make membranes more fluid.

A

double bonds

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9
Q

What is the most abundant lipid?

A

phosphatidylcholine (lecithin)

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10
Q

(blank) makes membranes less fluid, more rigid.

A

cholesterol

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11
Q

(blank) are on the outside of the cell membrane facing into the extracellular fluid.

A

glycolipids

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12
Q

Are there any glycolipids on the inside of the membrane?

A

no

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13
Q

What are phosphatiylinositol and phosphatidylglycerol?

A

these are phospholipids

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14
Q

(blank) comprises only 5% of lipids but is the most rapidly turned over and is useful in communication.

A

Phosphatidylinositol

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15
Q

What is a cardiolipin?

A

two phosphatidic acids joined together by a glycerol

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16
Q

(blank) comprises about 20% of the inner mitochondria membrane. This is also abundant in bacteria.

A

Cardiolipin

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17
Q

(blank) has an ether linkage and is an ether lipid.

A

plasmalogen

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18
Q

(blank) mediates hypersensitivity,

allergic responses, others.

A

platelet activating factor

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19
Q

What is platelet activating factor inactivated by?

A

hydrolysis of acetyl group and reacylation with fatty acyl group to form ether-type membrane phospholipid.

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20
Q

(blank) are rapidly turned over and are part of a second messenger signal cascade.

A

phosphatidyl inositols

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21
Q 
Hormones that use the phosphoinositol (IP3) 
pathway include (blank X 4)
A

oxytocin, vasopressin, istamine,

angiotensin II, others

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22
Q

Explain how phosphatidyl inositol can act like a second messenger. (PIP2)

A

Hormone (vasopressin) binds to integral membrane protein-> conformational change in protein-> gains a GTP-> activate Gaq Protein-> activated phosphlipase C which acts on PIP2 which cleaves off IP3-> IP3 goess to ER to release calcium and interact with calmonduulin-> interacts with release of DAG with intereacts with PKC which will phosphorylate target proteins and carry out action of hormone.

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23
Q

(blank) cleaves of IP3, which will release a DAG and both act as second messenger.

A

Phosholipase C

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24
Q

How do you turn phosphatidylinositol (PIP2) into DAG and IP3?

A

via phospholipase C

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25
Q

PKC can stay active for a long time….but the Ca2+ and DAG binding are subject to “(blank)” and are in equilibrium……calcium ions will get pumped out of the cytoplasm, and DAG will be turned back into a phospholipid.

A

breathing

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26
Q

(blank) can stay active for a long time….but the Ca2+ and DAG binding are subject to “breathing” and are in equilibrium……calcium ions will get pumped out of the
cytoplasm, and DAG will be turned back into a phospholipid

A

PKC

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27
Q

PKC can stay active for a long time….but the Ca2+ and DAG binding are subject to “breathing” and are in equilibrium……calcium ions will get pumped out of the (blank), and DAG will be turned back into a (blank).

A

cytoplasm

phospholipid

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28
Q

(blank)treatment has been found to inhibit the enzymeinositol monophosphatase, leading to higher levels of inositol triphosphate

A

Lithium

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29
Q

What does lithium inhibit?

A

inositol monophosphatase

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30
Q

How do you turn diacylglycerol into phosphatic acid?

A

DAG kinase

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31
Q

Inositol trisphosphate (IP3) together with diacylglycerol (DAG), is a secondary messenger molecule used in signal transduction and lipid signaling in biological cells. While (blank) stays inside the membrane, (blank) is soluble and diffuses through the cell.

A

DAG

IP3

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32
Q

How do you make PIP3?

A

It is made by hydrolysis of PIP2 by phospholipase C (PLC).

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33
Q

After a series of (blank), you can convert inositol 1,4,5 triphosphate (PIP3) to myo-inositol.

A

phosphatase

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34
Q

Explain how you can convert G3P into a phospholipid

A

G3P->lysophosphatidate->phosphatidate->DAG

-> TAGs and phospholipids

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35
Q

How do you convert G3P to lysophosphatidate?

A

acyltransferase

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36
Q

How do you convert lysophosphatidate to phosphatidate?

A

acyltransferase II

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37
Q

How do you convert phosphatidate to DAG?

A

phosphatidic acid phosphatase

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38
Q

There are (blank) routes to phospholipids.

A

2

39
Q

One route to create a phospholipid is by activating a a head group (base) to create a (blank)

A

head group

to CDP -base (i.e. add a sugar)

40
Q

SInce phosholipids need a polar head group, where do they get it from?

A

A cytosine–nucleotide derivative

41
Q

To convert phosphatidylethanolamine to phoshatidylcholine you need methylation. How do you do this?

A

via S-adenosylmethionine is the methyl group donor

42
Q

In the synthesis of triacylglycerols and neutral phospholipids, the formation of triacylglycerols, phosphatidylcholine, and phosphatidylethanolamine proceeds via a (blank)

A

diacylglycerol intermediate

43
Q

(blank) are a class of phospholipids which incorporate choline as a headgroup. It is a major component of biological membranes and it can be isolated from either egg yolk or soy beans from which it is mechanically or chemically extracted using hexane.

A

Phosphatidylcholines

44
Q

(blank) is a major constituent of cell membranes, and also plays a role in membrane-mediated cell signalling.

A

Phosphatidylcholine

45
Q

(blank) catalyzes the hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine to form phosphatidic acid (PA), releasing the soluble choline headgroup into the cytosol.

A

Phospholipase D

46
Q

How can you change up your phospholipids?

A

change up the head group

47
Q

Phosphitdylserine can be (Blank) to phosphatidylethanlamin.

A

decarboxylated

48
Q

Summarize the synthesis of TAGS and neutral phospholipids

A

phosphatidate-> DAG-> TAG or Phosphatidylcholine or phosphatidylethanolamine

49
Q

Summarize the synthesis of acidic phospholipids

A

phosphatidate accepts cytidylyl group from CTP-> CDP-DAG. CMP is displaced by an alcohol group of serine or inositol to form phosphatidylserine or phosphatidylinositol.

50
Q

In order to make a (blank) we have to activate a nucleotide di phosphate.

A

phospholipid

51
Q

phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylinositol are important for (blank)

A

signaling

52
Q

A cytosine–nucleotide lipid derivative

becomes the precursor to allow a (blank) in the formation of acidic phospholipids.

A

serine and inositol addition

53
Q

What are 2 acidic phospholipids?

A

phosphatidylserine and phosphatidulinositol

54
Q

What are 2 neutral phospholipids?

A

phosphatidycholine and phosphatidylethanolamine

55
Q

A (blank) is an enzyme that hydrolyzes phospholipids into fatty acids and other lipophilic substances

A

phospholipase

56
Q

(blank) is used in phosphoinositol signaling pathway

A

phospholipase C

57
Q

(blank) is important in release of 20:4 for eicosanoid production.

A

phospholipase A2

58
Q

(blank) releases arachidonic acid from the 2-position of phospholipids to
initiate eicosanoid production .
(blank) represses phopholipase synthesis –
long acting anti-inflamatory steroid.

A

Phopholipase A2

Cortisone

59
Q

Using phospholipases and acyl CoAs you can restructure (Blank) on a phospholipid

A

fatty acids

60
Q

What is the backbone for TAG and phospholipids?

A

glycerol

61
Q

Sphingosine is the (blank) for sphingolipids

A

backbone

62
Q

What end of the sphingosine can you add suars?

A

the free OH end

63
Q

(blank) is a sphingosine with an acyl group.

A

ceramide

64
Q

Using a serine backbone to makea ceramide provides the (Blank)

A

amine

65
Q

WHat do you need to make a ceramide?

A 
palmitoyl CoA
serine 
\+ H
NADPH
Activated FA
FAD
66
Q

What is this:

palmitoyl CoA + serine-> 3 ketosphinganine-> Dihydrosphingosine->dihydroceramide-> ?

A

ceramide synthesis

67
Q

Whenever you are adding a sugar you use (blank). If you are adding a lipid then you add a (blank)

A

UDP

CDP

68
Q

Whenever you have a carbon-carbon dehydrogenation you use a (Blank).

A

FAD

69
Q

What is the major component of membranes of nerve tissue?

A

sphingomyelin (often has a 24:0 , 24:1 FA)

70
Q

Explain how to make cerebroside

A

ceramide, add a sugar from galactose= cerobroside

71
Q

Is ceramide a membrane lipid?

A

no

72
Q

What are sphingomyelin and cerebroside?

A

they are sphingolipids

73
Q

Explain how to make sphingomyelin

A

ceramide + phoshatidylcholine (gives phospho-choline head group)-> sphingomyelin

74
Q

(blank) is a C4 epimer of glucose

A

galactose

75
Q

(blank) is a type of cerebroside consisting of a ceramide with a galactose residue at the 1-hydroxyl moiety.

A

glactocerebroside (a galactolipid)

76
Q

(blank) (also called glucosylceramide) is any of the cerebrosides in which the monosaccharide head group is glucose.

A

glucocerebroside

77
Q

Glucocerebroside and Galactocerebrosides are primarily in (blank)

A

brain tissue

78
Q

The galactose and glucose are a (blank)

A

UDP sugar

79
Q

A ceramide can become a galactocerebroside (galactolipid) with what sugar?
A ceramide can become a glucocerebroside (glucosylceramide) with what sugar?

A

UDP galactose

UDP glucose

80
Q

There are a large variety of sphingolipids, these have various sugar moieties attached to them. There is a whole host of (blank) associated with the inability to break down these.

A

diseases

81
Q

Type (Blank) has a gal and fucose
Type (blank) has gal, fucose, and galnac
Type (blank) has gal, fucose, and galactose

A

O
A
B

82
Q 
What are these:
glucosylceramide
galactosylceramide
lactosylceramide
trihexosylceramide
globoside
A

Neutral sphingolipids

83
Q

What is this:

sulfatide

A

acidic sphingolipids

84
Q

What are these:
Gm3
Gm2
Gm1

A

Gangliosides

85
Q

Tay Sachs disease results from inability to degrade a (blank)

A

ganglioside

86
Q

Gangliosides on mucosal membranes bind the (blank) toxin

A

cholera

87
Q

A more recent theory of heterozygote advantage proposes that (blank), and the other lipid storage diseases that are prevalent in Ashkenazi Jews, reflect genes that enhance dendrite growth and promote higher intelligence when present in carrier form.

A

Tay-Sachs

88
Q

What enzyme are you missing in Tay Sach disease?

A

GM2 gangliosidosis or hexasamnidase A deficiency

89
Q

What is this:
Causes progressive deterioration of nerve cells and mental and physical abilities.
Commences around six months of age.
Usually results in death by age four.
Harmful quantities of gangliosides accumulate in membranes
There is no known cure or treatment

A

Tay-Sachs disease

90
Q

(blank) results when lysosomes fill up with undigestable sugars and lipids

A

Lysosomes

91
Q

What problem do you have with niemann pick disease?

A

you have a build up of sphingomyelin

92
Q

(blank) are important in disease states.

A

glycolipids

93
Q

What lysosomal storage diseases results in fatalities?

A 
Farbers
Niemann pick
tay sachs
sandhoffs
generalized gangliosides
94
Q

Explain what Delta and Omega means for fatty acids.

A

Both mean double bonds but Omega means double bonds from the tail end carbon i.e. omega 3 fatty acids i.e. double bond on the last 3rd carbon. Delta means double bond from the beginning of the fatty acid. I.e Delta 3 fatty acid means you have a double bond on the third carbon.

Block 3, week 4 Dani (10 decks)

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