Blomquist lipid lectures Flashcards by Danielle Hayes

How do we turn TAGs into MAGs?

ATGL turns Tag into DAG
HSL turns DAG into MAG
What are both ATGL and HSL activated by? PKA phosphorylation

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What inhibits lipid mobilization (i.e breakdown).

caveloin

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What makes up a phospholipid?

glycerol, fatty acids, phosphate and a base

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What are the bases of phospholipids?

Ethanolamine, choline, serine, glycerol, myo-inositol

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What does a glycerol molecule look like?

has three OH groups

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What kind of bridge does a phospholipid have?

a phosphodiester bridge

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Describe the strucuture of a phospholipid.

2 fatty acids and a glycerol (DAG) plus a phosphodiester bridge to add a phosphate, and a base

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(blank) in fatty acids make membranes more fluid.

double bonds

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What is the most abundant lipid?

phosphatidylcholine (lecithin)

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(blank) makes membranes less fluid, more rigid.

cholesterol

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(blank) are on the outside of the cell membrane facing into the extracellular fluid.

glycolipids

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Are there any glycolipids on the inside of the membrane?

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What are phosphatiylinositol and phosphatidylglycerol?

these are phospholipids

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(blank) comprises only 5% of lipids but is the most rapidly turned over and is useful in communication.

Phosphatidylinositol

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What is a cardiolipin?

two phosphatidic acids joined together by a glycerol

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(blank) comprises about 20% of the inner mitochondria membrane. This is also abundant in bacteria.

Cardiolipin

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(blank) has an ether linkage and is an ether lipid.

plasmalogen

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(blank) mediates hypersensitivity,

allergic responses, others.

platelet activating factor

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What is platelet activating factor inactivated by?

hydrolysis of acetyl group and reacylation with fatty acyl group to form ether-type membrane phospholipid.

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(blank) are rapidly turned over and are part of a second messenger signal cascade.

phosphatidyl inositols

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Hormones that use the phosphoinositol (IP3) 
pathway include (blank X 4)

oxytocin, vasopressin, istamine,

angiotensin II, others

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Explain how phosphatidyl inositol can act like a second messenger. (PIP2)

Hormone (vasopressin) binds to integral membrane protein-> conformational change in protein-> gains a GTP-> activate Gaq Protein-> activated phosphlipase C which acts on PIP2 which cleaves off IP3-> IP3 goess to ER to release calcium and interact with calmonduulin-> interacts with release of DAG with intereacts with PKC which will phosphorylate target proteins and carry out action of hormone.

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(blank) cleaves of IP3, which will release a DAG and both act as second messenger.

Phosholipase C

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How do you turn phosphatidylinositol (PIP2) into DAG and IP3?

via phospholipase C

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PKC can stay active for a long time….but the Ca2+ and DAG binding are subject to “(blank)” and are in equilibrium……calcium ions will get pumped out of the cytoplasm, and DAG will be turned back into a phospholipid.

breathing

(blank) can stay active for a long time….but the Ca2+ and DAG binding are subject to “breathing” and are in equilibrium……calcium ions will get pumped out of the cytoplasm, and DAG will be turned back into a phospholipid

PKC

PKC can stay active for a long time….but the Ca2+ and DAG binding are subject to “breathing” and are in equilibrium……calcium ions will get pumped out of the (blank), and DAG will be turned back into a (blank).

cytoplasm | phospholipid

(blank) treatment has been found to inhibit the enzyme inositol monophosphatase, leading to higher levels of inositol triphosphate

Lithium

What does lithium inhibit?

inositol monophosphatase

How do you turn diacylglycerol into phosphatic acid?

DAG kinase

Inositol trisphosphate (IP3) together with diacylglycerol (DAG), is a secondary messenger molecule used in signal transduction and lipid signaling in biological cells. While (blank) stays inside the membrane, (blank) is soluble and diffuses through the cell.

DAG | IP3

How do you make PIP3?

It is made by hydrolysis of PIP2 by phospholipase C (PLC).

After a series of (blank), you can convert inositol 1,4,5 triphosphate (PIP3) to myo-inositol.

phosphatase

Explain how you can convert G3P into a phospholipid

G3P->lysophosphatidate->phosphatidate->DAG | -> TAGs and phospholipids

How do you convert G3P to lysophosphatidate?

acyltransferase

How do you convert lysophosphatidate to phosphatidate?

acyltransferase II

How do you convert phosphatidate to DAG?

phosphatidic acid phosphatase

There are (blank) routes to phospholipids.

One route to create a phospholipid is by activating a a head group (base) to create a (blank)

head group | to CDP -base (i.e. add a sugar)

SInce phosholipids need a polar head group, where do they get it from?

A cytosine–nucleotide derivative

To convert phosphatidylethanolamine to phoshatidylcholine you need methylation. How do you do this?

via S-adenosylmethionine is the methyl group donor

In the synthesis of triacylglycerols and neutral phospholipids, the formation of triacylglycerols, phosphatidylcholine, and phosphatidylethanolamine proceeds via a (blank)

diacylglycerol intermediate

(blank) are a class of phospholipids which incorporate choline as a headgroup. It is a major component of biological membranes and it can be isolated from either egg yolk or soy beans from which it is mechanically or chemically extracted using hexane.

Phosphatidylcholines

(blank) is a major constituent of cell membranes, and also plays a role in membrane-mediated cell signalling.

Phosphatidylcholine

(blank) catalyzes the hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine to form phosphatidic acid (PA), releasing the soluble choline headgroup into the cytosol.

Phospholipase D

How can you change up your phospholipids?

change up the head group

Phosphitdylserine can be (Blank) to phosphatidylethanlamin.

decarboxylated

Summarize the synthesis of TAGS and neutral phospholipids

phosphatidate-> DAG-> TAG or Phosphatidylcholine or phosphatidylethanolamine

Summarize the synthesis of acidic phospholipids

phosphatidate accepts cytidylyl group from CTP-> CDP-DAG. CMP is displaced by an alcohol group of serine or inositol to form phosphatidylserine or phosphatidylinositol.

In order to make a (blank) we have to activate a nucleotide di phosphate.

phospholipid

phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylinositol are important for (blank)

signaling

A cytosine–nucleotide lipid derivative | becomes the precursor to allow a (blank) in the formation of acidic phospholipids.

serine and inositol addition

What are 2 acidic phospholipids?

phosphatidylserine and phosphatidulinositol

What are 2 neutral phospholipids?

phosphatidycholine and phosphatidylethanolamine

A (blank) is an enzyme that hydrolyzes phospholipids into fatty acids and other lipophilic substances

phospholipase

(blank) is used in phosphoinositol signaling pathway

phospholipase C

(blank) is important in release of 20:4 for eicosanoid production.

phospholipase A2

(blank) releases arachidonic acid from the 2-position of phospholipids to initiate eicosanoid production . (blank) represses phopholipase synthesis – long acting anti-inflamatory steroid.

Phopholipase A2 | Cortisone

Using phospholipases and acyl CoAs you can restructure (Blank) on a phospholipid

fatty acids

What is the backbone for TAG and phospholipids?

glycerol

Sphingosine is the (blank) for sphingolipids

backbone

What end of the sphingosine can you add suars?

the free OH end

(blank) is a sphingosine with an acyl group.

ceramide

Using a serine backbone to makea ceramide provides the (Blank)

amine

WHat do you need to make a ceramide?

``` palmitoyl CoA serine + H NADPH Activated FA FAD ```

What is this: | palmitoyl CoA + serine-> 3 ketosphinganine-> Dihydrosphingosine->dihydroceramide-> ?

ceramide synthesis

Whenever you are adding a sugar you use (blank). If you are adding a lipid then you add a (blank)

UDP | CDP

Whenever you have a carbon-carbon dehydrogenation you use a (Blank).

FAD

What is the major component of membranes of nerve tissue?

sphingomyelin (often has a 24:0 , 24:1 FA)

Explain how to make cerebroside

ceramide, add a sugar from galactose= cerobroside

Is ceramide a membrane lipid?

What are sphingomyelin and cerebroside?

they are sphingolipids

Explain how to make sphingomyelin

ceramide + phoshatidylcholine (gives phospho-choline head group)-> sphingomyelin

(blank) is a C4 epimer of glucose

galactose

(blank) is a type of cerebroside consisting of a ceramide with a galactose residue at the 1-hydroxyl moiety.

glactocerebroside (a galactolipid)

(blank) (also called glucosylceramide) is any of the cerebrosides in which the monosaccharide head group is glucose.

glucocerebroside

Glucocerebroside and Galactocerebrosides are primarily in (blank)

brain tissue

The galactose and glucose are a (blank)

UDP sugar

A ceramide can become a galactocerebroside (galactolipid) with what sugar? A ceramide can become a glucocerebroside (glucosylceramide) with what sugar?

UDP galactose | UDP glucose

There are a large variety of sphingolipids, these have various sugar moieties attached to them. There is a whole host of (blank) associated with the inability to break down these.

diseases

Type (Blank) has a gal and fucose Type (blank) has gal, fucose, and galnac Type (blank) has gal, fucose, and galactose

O A B

``` What are these: glucosylceramide galactosylceramide lactosylceramide trihexosylceramide globoside ```

Neutral sphingolipids

What is this: | sulfatide

acidic sphingolipids

What are these: Gm3 Gm2 Gm1

Gangliosides

Tay Sachs disease results from inability to degrade a (blank)

ganglioside

Gangliosides on mucosal membranes bind the (blank) toxin

cholera

A more recent theory of heterozygote advantage proposes that (blank), and the other lipid storage diseases that are prevalent in Ashkenazi Jews, reflect genes that enhance dendrite growth and promote higher intelligence when present in carrier form.

Tay-Sachs

What enzyme are you missing in Tay Sach disease?

GM2 gangliosidosis or hexasamnidase A deficiency

What is this: Causes progressive deterioration of nerve cells and mental and physical abilities. Commences around six months of age. Usually results in death by age four. Harmful quantities of gangliosides accumulate in membranes There is no known cure or treatment

Tay-Sachs disease

(blank) results when lysosomes fill up with undigestable sugars and lipids

Lysosomes

What problem do you have with niemann pick disease?

you have a build up of sphingomyelin

(blank) are important in disease states.

glycolipids

What lysosomal storage diseases results in fatalities?

``` Farbers Niemann pick tay sachs sandhoffs generalized gangliosides ```

Explain what Delta and Omega means for fatty acids.

Both mean double bonds but Omega means double bonds from the tail end carbon i.e. omega 3 fatty acids i.e. double bond on the last 3rd carbon. Delta means double bond from the beginning of the fatty acid. I.e Delta 3 fatty acid means you have a double bond on the third carbon.