Block quiz 3 Flashcards by Amy Cornelius

Under compression the nucleus ………. is displaced ………. and this stretches the collagen fibres of the ……. …….. outward

Pulposis
Laterally
annulus fibrosis

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What two (2) structures help to resist ANTERIOR shear at the lumbosacral junction???

Tab

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Primary role of the vertebral column?

Protect spinal cord

++Structural integrity and mobility to trunk

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Small changes in centre of mass will necessitate small adjustments in posture. This is called…

Postural sway

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Th motion segment can be further split into anterior & posterior portion. The motion segment in general can be separated into two adjacent veretebral bodies and …..

Disc

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The veretebral bodies consists primarily of….. …… Surrounded by ….. …bone

Cancellous bone surrounded by a thin layer of cortical bone

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In general, veretebral bodies are built to bare….. Loads

Compressive

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The role of th intevertebral disc is to…… And …..

Bare and distribute loads evenly over the vertebral end plate
+++restrict any movement between the adjacent vertebrae

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In extension, the relative movement between the adjacent veretebrae of the motion segment will cause the nucleus palposis to be displaced anteriorly. As a result of this ant displacement we get ….

Tension loading on the anterior aspect of the disc and compressive loading on the posterior aspect of the disc

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In flexion, with the relative movement between the adjacent veretebrae of the motion segment, we get the nucleus palposis displaced….

Posteriorly
+We get tension loading on the posterior aspect of the disc
+compression loading on the anterior aspect of the disc

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Creep could occur in ……. …..

Intervertebral discs

When the disc was under a compressive force over an extended period of time, and will get a reduction in disc height & reduction in overall stature
When the compressive load is removed-fluid moves back into the disc and height restored

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With lateral flexion we get…… Loading to the side on which ….. Flexion is occurring as the nucleus ….. is displaced to the opposite side

Lateral flexion

Palposis

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The fluid places pressure on the

Annulus fibrosis

As the collegen fibres are displaced outwards-they offer a resistance to this stretch and

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The lateral displacement of the nucleus palposis will exhort …… On the annulus fibrosis

Pressure

And cause these collegen fibres to be stretched outwards

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A these collagen fibres are stretched ….. They start to offer resistance through this stretch and exhort a ….. Back upon the nucleus palposis

Outwards

Preassure

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Eventually these two opposing pressures will be …..

Equal and equilibrium will be reached

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When these collagen fibres are stretched ….. Will be stored within them so that when the compressive load is removed the …. Collagen fibres will recoil and this will allow for any ….. In the nucleus pAlposis will be restored

Energy

Deformation

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When the compressive load is applied to the nucleus palposis …. It will also exert a pressure onto the …. &

Inferior &superior vertebral end plates

***this will also help to transmit loads between adjacent vertebrae

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Time dependant visco elastic materials=

Creep

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When the trunk ROTATES we get …. & …..forces

Tension & sheer forces being produced in the intervertebral discs

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Collagen fibres of the annulus fibrosis that are …. It’s the direction of rotation, will become … and the fibre that are aligned perpendicular to those will be ….

Aligned

Taught

Slackened

***this is further complicated by GREATER loads in rotation

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With any standing and sitting we get a noticeable…..

Increase in interdiscral pressure

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If we combine trunk flexion with ….. .. ….. We get a considerable increase in interdiscral pressure

Carrying a load

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Normally, the centre of mass of the head arms and trunk, is quite close to the axis of rotation. If we drew a line representative of weight force of the head arms and trunk, we’d find that the length of the moment arm in relation to this axis of rotation in the spine, would be quite small and therefore the internal moment that needs to be generated will also be relatively small.

As we flex the trunk we will get an ….. Displacement of the centre of mass for the head arms and trunk . So it is going to move forward in relation to our axis of rotation in our vertebral body

Therefore

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Moment arm is the.... Distance between the line of ... And the point of rotation

Perpendicular Action

In flexing trunk, the erector spinae muscles will have a moment arm in relation to the axis of rotation in the veretebral body & it will be quite small. when you flex the trunk, the length of the moment srm for these muscles Dcreases further. This means we need to ...... The magnitude of the.....

Increase Force that needs to be produced

By decreasing the length of the moment arm for these muscles, the muscles need to produce a greater force in order to generate an internal moment arm to try and ... The ..... Moment that is being produced.

Counter External

The increase in compression being produced will create .... In pressure experienced by the vertebral column especially when a resistance is involved****

Increased

Anterior longitudinal ligament is responsible for... (3) Limits EXTENSION OF THE SPINE

Reinforcing ant aspect of intervertebral disc Limiting extension of the spine Preventing anterior translation in relation to another

Position longitudinal ligament is responsible for... (2) and runs along the ..... aspect of the vertebral body within the Intervertebral FORAMEN Limits FLEXION OF THE SPINE

Limiting flexion of the spine Reinforcing central posterior aspect of the ivd Posterior

Anterior longitudinal ligament runs along the ..... (2)

Anterior aspect of the vertebral body +++ the IVD

Supraspinatus and infraspinatus ligament limit.... Of the motion segment Inter transverse ligament limits ....

Limits Forward flexion Limits Lateral flexion

Zygapophyseal/facet joints are formed between superior&inferior Or lateral&medial articulate processes ****Orientated at different angles in the cervical, thoracic & lumbar vertebrae

Superior &inferior

(Cervical spine facet joints) | C1&c2 or c3&c4 facets are parallel to the transverse plane

C1 & c2 :)

(Cervical spine facet joints) At c3-7 or c 3-8 facets progressively increase or decrease their orientation to the transverse plane and are parallel to the frontal plane

C3-7 facets progressively increase Increase

Cervical spine are responsible for .... Flexion-extension, lateral flexion or lateral extension, + some rotation

Lateral flexion Nodding movement

(Thoracic spine facet joints) In the thoracic spine the facets continue to increase or decrease their orientation to the transverse plane and also increase or decrease their orientation to the frontal plane

Increase increase :)

Thoracic spine facet joints is responsible for rotation, some flexion-extension OR MEDIAL ROTATION, + lateral flexion

Rotation, some flexion-ext + some lateral flexion

In the lumbar spine (L1-5) the facets are orientated at 90deg or 120deg to the transverse plane and increase or decrease their orientation in the frontal plane until they are orientated close to the Sagital plane

90deg INCREASE

Lumbar region is responsible for flexion-ext or medial rotation?, some lateral flexion ALMOST NO ROTATION

Flexion ext, some lateral flexion, almost no rotation

(Atlano-occipital joint) Formed between the condyles or FORAMEN??? Of the occipital bones of the skull and the superior articular processes of the atlas (c1)

Condyles

(At ATLANO OCCIPITAL JOINT) Produce ROLL AND GLIDE, or slip and slide?? To allow for large amounts of flexion-extension (nodding or wiggling??)

Roll and glide | Nodding...

(Atlanto -axial joint) 2nd | Consists of a median rotating joint between the dens and atlas (pivot joint) and 2 facet joints

Median joint , facet joint

(In atlano occipital and antlanto axial) Ipsilateral (or contra lateral) coupling between axial rotation aNd lateral flexion???

Ipsilateral

When laterally flexing to the right the right articular facet joint moves posteriorly and inferiorly and the left is moving anteriorly an superiorlyyy

Don't confuse this!!!!!

If I want to laterally flex to the right how do the left and right articular process in the spine move?

What sort of movements are we thinking about in the lower cervical region?

Flexion extension, lateral flexion + some rotation

What is the predominant movement of the thoracic? 45:03

Rotation

Movements involved in lumbar?

Flexion extension Almost no axial rotation

The thoracic spine is the most STABLE region with movement limited by: - f..... ........ - connection to ..... - small disc to ........ Height ration - long overlapping s...... ........

Facet orientation Connection to the ribs Small disc to vertebral height ratio Long overlapping spinous processes

Why is there more flexion-extension in lower thoracic spine? | 2 reasons

Floating ribs Change in orientation to facet joints

Where on the thoracic vertebrae does the rib articulate? | 2 places

Facet for the articular part of tubercle of rib | Superior facet of rib + head of the ri

With an intact thoracic cage the thoracic spine can sustain .... The .... Load that it could support without the thoracic cage

4x Compressive

With .... of the thoracic spine, the ribs move ...... ...... And this further limits flexion range of motion

Flexion | Move close together limits ROM

With extension of the ..... ...... The ribs move ..... ....... And the chest expands

Thoracic spine Ribs move further apart

With ....... ........ The ribs move closer together on the ipsilateral side and ...... ..... On the contralateral side

In Lateral flexion ribs move together on ipsilateral side Further apart on the contralateral side

(Breathing) Increase in intrathoracic volume for inspiration is primarily produced by the ....... Using muscles s...... And ex...... ........ The same muscles work ....... To control the recoil of the rib cage during expiration Amy- additional muscles are recruited during forced inspiration and expiration

Inspiration is produced by Diaphragm with assistance from the scalenes and ext intercostals These same muscles work eccentrically to control the recoil

When coughing or sneezing, the muscles of the abdominal wall d..... The ribs, decreasing the volume of the ..... ...... And forcing ..... Out

Depress the ribs, decreasing the volume of the thoracic cavity and forcing air out

The lumbar lordosis is maintained by slightly ..... Shaped ivds that are slightly larger ....... than posteriorly LORDOSIS LORDOSIS LORDOSIS LORDOSIS

Wedge shaped ivds Larger anteriorly than posteriorly

In upright postures the lumbar vertebral bodies assume 80-90% of ...... Load bearing

Compressive load bearing

What is lumbo pelvic rhythm?

Good hip snd lumbar flexion afforded by flexible hamstrings which allow the pelvis to tilt forward and hip flexors which allow the lumbar spine to produce a flexion of the vertebral column

Erector spine generally have relatively large ..... ..... So that they are well suited for gross movements

Moment arms

Erector spinae muscles initiate ..... And lateral .... 48 slide

Rfmrv

QN: If you want to look to your right to ensure that you can cross the road safely, which muscles from the above table could potentially contribute to right axial rotation of the head and cervical spine. Be sure to specify whether it is the left or right portion of the muscle that may be active

...

QN: If you want to rotate your trunk to the right, which muscles from the above table could potentially contribute to right axial rotation of the trunk. Be sure to specify whether it is the left or right portion of the muscle that may be active

....

QN: Which muscles are primarily involved in initiating trunk flexion? Be sure to note whether the muscles are acting unilaterally or bilaterally

....

QN: Once trunk flexion has been initiated which muscles are primarily involved in controlling this movement? Be sure to note whether the muscles are acting unilaterally or bilaterally

....

QN: Which muscles are primarily involved in initiating trunk lateral flexion to the left? Be sure to note whether the muscles are acting unilaterally or bilaterally

....

QN: Once trunk lateral flexion to the left has been initiated which muscles are primarily involved in controlling this movement? Be sure to note whether the muscles are acting unilaterally or bilaterally

...

QN: How does the this figure indicate why activity in muscles such as levator scapulae and upper trapezius might increase with accentuated flexion of the head and cervical spine when working at a desk or computer...

...

Squat lifting (flexion at the hips and knees whilst maintaining the back straight) is generally considered to be safer than stooped lifting (knees extended and trunk flexed) but there remains considerable debate in the literature Nevertheless, muscle force is by far the most influential variable for determining the magnitude of the compressive force on the lumbar spine. Which lifting technique has the potential to increase the compressive force on the lumbar spine? Explain your answer

...

QN: Why might a stoop lifting technique potentially damage intervertebral discs in the lower lumbar levels postero-laterally

....

Interestingly even if workers initially adopt a squat lifting technique they often resort back to a stooped technique over time. This is because a squat lifting technique has a greater perceived exertion and requires higher energy consumption QN: What are two other factors why a squat lift may not always be possible?

....

QN: Which position might produce lowest pressure? QN: Which position might produce the highest disc pressure?

....

ATLANO axial has three articulate surfaces The MEDIAN articulation is between the +d... Of the axis and the atlas which Forms a p.... joint + the transverse ligament prevents ..... Translation of the atlas on the axis -PROVIDES STABILITY

Dens Pivot Anterior

We have articulate cartilage between the contact areas of C 1 & C2 therefore because of the facet joint orientation, we can achieve maximum .... Rotation between these two surfaces with little ..... Flexion which would expose the apophoseal joints

Axial rotation Lateral