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Microanatomy (F23) > Block IV - Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Block IV - Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

Cardiogenic Field

A

Horseshoe shaped tubes surrounding anterior/lateral areas of neural plate

forms heart, blood vessels, blood cells

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2
Q

What is the cardiac tube composed of?

A

Bulbus Cordis, primitive ventricle, primitive atrium

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3
Q

Loop formation

A

division of cardiac tube into 4 chambers

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4
Q

Truncous arteriosus

A

Splits into the ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk

divided by spiral aortica pulmonary septum (what is the function of the spiral portioning?)

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5
Q

What is the function of the spiral arotica pulmonary septum?

A

The spiral shape ensures that blood flows from the right ventricle to the pulmonary trunk and the left ventricle to the ascending aorta

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6
Q

What is the physiological closure of the foramen ovale?

A

After parturition, the infant lungs expand –> leads to a drop in BP, pushing the primary septum against the secondary

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7
Q

What is the anatomical closure of the foramen ovale?

A

The primary and secondary septum fuse

the Foramen ovale becomes the fossa ovalis

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8
Q

What are the 3 blood shunt present in fetal circulation

A

Ductus venosus (liver), Foramen ovale (right lung), Ductus arteriosus (left lung)

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9
Q

After parturition, what does the Ductus venosus become?

A

Ligamentum venosum

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10
Q

After parturition, what does the Foramen ovale become?

A

Fossa ovalis

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11
Q

After parturition, what does the Ductus arteriosus become?

A

Ligamentum arteriosum

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12
Q

What is the function of the blood shunts present in the fetal cardiovascular system?

A

The shunts are used to bypass the liver and lungs as these organs are not fully developed and do not require as much blood as the rest of the body. A small amount of blood will be directed towards these organs to provide minimal O2 and nutrients and the fetal blood is instead oxygenated by the placenta.

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13
Q

Foramen Ovale

A

Hole between the Left and Right Atria in fetal hearts; used to bypass the right lung.

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14
Q

Which part of the heart serves as a valve for foramen ovale and what is its function?

A

Primary septum; stops blood from the L. Atrium returning to the R. Atriam

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15
Q

Ostium primum

A

allows for blood to travel from R –> L atrium while the primary septum grows

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16
Q

Ostium secundum

A

Replaces the ostium primum when it closes

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17
Q

Septum Primum

A

Primary septum that separates the Left and Right atriums; serves as the valve for foramen ovale

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18
Q

Septum Secundum

A

Forms to right of the septum primum (in the right atrium)

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19
Q

What are some functions of the cardiovascular system?

A

Blood flow,
CO2/waste removal,
O2/nutrient delivery to tissue
Thermoregulation
GFR/Urine output

20
Q

What is the direction of blood flow in ADULT hearts?

A

Unoxygenated blood transported by Inferior/Superior Vena Cava -> Right Atrium -> Right Ventricle -> Pulmonary Artery -> Lungs -> Pulmonary vein -> Left Atrium -> Left Ventricle -> Aorta -> Oxygenated blood returns to body

21
Q

What is the direction of blood flow in FETAL hearts?

A

Fetal vein (oxygenated) -> Liver (Ductus venosous) -> Inferior vena cava -> Right atrium -> Foramen ovale -> Left Atrium -> Aorta -> Umbilical arteries (mixed blood) -> placenta

22
Q

What is the vascular pattern of microcirculation?

A

Artery -> Arteriole -> Metarteriole -> Capillaries -> Venule -> Vein

23
Q

Endocardium

A

Internal lining of the heart and valves;

Direct contact w/ blood and important for hemostasis;

Eqv. to the Tunica intima of blood vessels

24
Q

What are the three layers of the endocardium and what is an important characteristic of the 3rd layer?

A

(Deepest to Surface)
Endothelium
Basal Laminae (BM)
Subendothelial CT (contains Purkinje Fibers)

25
Q

Myocardium

A

Middle layer

Composed of cardiomyocytes
Cross-striated w/ a central nucleus
Held together by gap and anchoring junctions

Often contains lipofuschin as myocardium has low regeneration

Eqv. to the tunica media in BV

26
Q

Epicardium

A

AKA the visceral pericardium

Outermost layer composed of simple squamous epithelium –> mesothelium

Supported by CT and adipocytes

Contains serous fluid

Eqv. to the Tunica adventitia in BV

27
Q

Purkinje Fibers

A

Specialized myocardiocytes that help with conduction

28
Q

Valves

A

Specialized tissue that prevents backflow in certain vessels. Sit in between the endo- and epicardium (no myocardium cells present)

29
Q

Tunica intima

A

Innermost tunic; composed of endothelium, internal elastic membrane, and subendothelial CT

30
Q

Tunica media

A

Middle tunic; composed of smooth muscle and elastic lamallae/fibers

31
Q

Tunica adventitia

A

AKA Tunica externum

Outermost tunic; composed of collagen

32
Q

Arteries

A

carries blood away from the heart

33
Q

Elastic Arteries

A

Composed of all 3 tunics and has a thick Tunic media with repeating elastic lamallea

Tunica adventitia will have a vasa vasorum which provides nutrients to the T. media

34
Q

Muscular Arteries

A

Round appearance due to thick Tunica media

composed of smooth muscle and regulates vasodilation and vasocontriction

35
Q

Veins

A

Carries blood towards the heart

36
Q

Arterioles

A

1-3 layers of smooth muscle that have the highest effect on BP

37
Q

Capillaries

A

Thinnest type of blood vessels; site of blood exchange between surrounding tissue

Originates from mesenchymal cells and are composed of simple squamous cells that are rolled to create a tube

38
Q

Continuous capillaries

A

most common type; impermeable to macromolecules, instead using pinocytotic vesicles (micromolecules)

39
Q

Fenestrated capillaries

A

Gaps in the vessel that allow for fluid exchange

i.e. contains glomerulus which is filtration of plasma in kidneys

40
Q

Discontinuous (sinusoidal) capillaries

A

Located in the liver and spleen;

large molecules (i.e. RBCs) can exit

has a large and irregular lumen with discontinuous endothelial lining

41
Q

Pericytes

A

AKA Rouject cells

Wrap around the capillaries and venules
Functions:
-Communicate with endothelial cells (physical contact and paracrine signaling)
-fix damaged capillaries
-stem cell source (imp. for vessel formation)

42
Q

Podocytes

A

KIDNEYS ONLY! Nephrons - Bowman’s Capsules

Prevents filtration of macromolecules into urine

Pedicels (feet) wrap around capillaries to form filtration slits (increases area of cells for ULTRAFILTRATION)

43
Q

Lymphatic Vessels

A

Transports lymph and has valves to prevent backflow

all 3 tunics present; tunica adventitia binds lymph to surrounding tissue

LYMPH IS CLEAR B/C OF LACK OF RBCs

44
Q

Cardiac Skeleton

A

Fibrous CT that surrounds the pulmonary trunk, Aorta, and AV Valves

45
Q

Vascular Endothelium

A

Roles in hemostasis and inflammation and modulates perfusion of blood;

It has a healing mechanism that provides a seal for injured vessels to stop blood loss

Microanatomy (F23) (3 decks)

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