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ECCC Block 3 > BLOCK III - UNIT 1. Endocrine System > Flashcards

BLOCK III - UNIT 1. Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

What system is composed of various glands located throughout the body?

A

The endocrine system

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2
Q

The endocrine system has 5 general functions, what are they?

A

• Differentiate reproductive and central nervous systems in fetuses
• Stimulate growth and development during childhood and adolescence
• Coordinate male and female reproductive systems
• Maintain an optimal internal environment
• Initiate corrective and adaptive responses during emergencies

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3
Q

which system does a stimulus elicits the release of a substance; once the substance reaches a certain level, it sends a signal that stops further release of the substance?

A

Negative Feedback Loop/ system

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4
Q

What are the 3 mechanisms by which the endocrine glands are stimulated to synthesize and release hormones?

A

• Humoral stimuli
• Hormonal stimuli
• Neural stimuli

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5
Q

Hormones operate within what systems to maintain optimal internal environment?

A

negative or positive feedback systems

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6
Q

Hormones may be classified by what?

A

their structure, gland of origin, effects, or chemical composition.

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7
Q

What sits at the base of the brain and regulates hormones secretion from the anterior pituitary?

A

Hypothalamus

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8
Q

How is the Hypothalamus Connected to the anterior pituitary?

A

through the hypophyseal portal blood vessels

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9
Q

How is the Hypothalamus Connected to the pituitary gland?

A

by the infundibulum (pituitary stalk)

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10
Q

How is the Hypothalamus Connected to the posterior pituitary?

A

through a nerve tract

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11
Q

Which gland synthesizes and secretes hormones into the blood which then travel to target organs/glands to regulate physiological processes?

A

Anterior pituitary gland

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12
Q

What Secretes adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH )? And what organ does this hormone target?

A

Anterior pituitary gland, target organ is the adrenal cortex

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13
Q

What Secretes thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)? And what organ does this hormone target?

A

Anterior pituitary gland, target organ is the thyroid gland

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14
Q

Which gland stores and releases antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin?

A

Posterior pituitary gland

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15
Q

Which gland releases Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)? And what organ does this hormone target?

A

Posterior pituitary gland, target organ kidneys

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16
Q

Light sensitive nerve cells in the retina detect light, the nerves then send signals through nerve fibers to the spinal cord up to which gland to release melatonin hormone?

A

pineal gland

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17
Q

What gland is located in the center of the brain?

A

Pineal gland

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18
Q

Which gland releases Melatonin hormone? And what does this hormone do?

A

-Pineal gland
-Melatonin is responsible for inducing sleep, regulating circadian rhythms, growth hormone releasing hormone, immune function, and ageing.

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19
Q

The thyroid is regulated through what?

A

A negative feedback loop

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20
Q

Thyrotropin is released from the hypothalamus into the hypothalamic-pituitary portal system and circulates to the anterior pituitary, where it stimulates the release of what hormone?

A

thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH).

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21
Q

what releases the T3 and T4 into the blood so it can go to the targeted tissues?

A

thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

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22
Q

What paired gland located behind the upper and lower poles of the thyroid gland?

A

parathyroid

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23
Q

Which gland produces a hormone that Regulates serum ionized calcium levels, Acts on the kidney to increase calcium reabsorption, and Decreases phosphate reabsorption?

A

parathyroid

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24
Q

What’s located behind the stomach and houses the Islets of Langerhans?

A

The pancreas

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25
Q

What is the hormonal organs that regulate the carbohydrate metabolism in the body?

A

the Islets of Langerhans

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26
Q

What is an antagonist to insulin that acts to increase blood glucose during fasting, exercise, and hypoglycemia?

A

glucagon

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27
Q

Alpha cells come from where and do what for the body?

A

Comes from the pancreas and secretes glucagon

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28
Q

Beta cells come form where and what do they secrete?

A

The pancreas, they secrete insulin and amylin

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29
Q

What promotes glucose uptake and use, glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, glycolysis, gluconeogenesis?

A

Insulin

30
Q

What facilitates the intracellular transport of potassium (K+), phosphate, and magnesium?

A

Insulin

31
Q

What glands are located close to upper pole of each kidney?

A

Adrenal glands

32
Q

The cortex have 3 layers, what is the most outer layer?

A

Zona glomerulosa

33
Q

What produces aldosterone which conserves sodium?

A

Zona glomerulosa (outer layer of adrenal glands cortex)

But so does Zona reticularis (inner) but in the notes the NA is specific for the glomerulosa

34
Q

The cortex have 3 layers, what is the middle layer?

A

Zona fasciculata (middle layer of adrenal glands cortex)

35
Q

What layer of the adrenal cortex secretes cortisol, cortisone, and corticosterone?

A

Zona fasciculata (middle layer of adrenal glands cortex)

36
Q

What steroid hormones is released under stressful conditions and have metabolic, neurologic, anti- inflammatory, immunosuppressive, and growth-suppressing effects?

A

Glucocorticoids

37
Q

The cortex have 3 layers, what is the inner layer?

A

Zona reticularis (inner layer of adrenal glands cortex)

38
Q

What layer of the adrenal gland secretes aldosterone, androgen, estrogen and glucocorticoids?

A

Zona reticularis (inner layer of adrenal glands cortex)

39
Q

What is stimulated by the anterior pituitary hormone; ACTH produces glucocorticoids released in response to stress?

A

Adrenal cortex

40
Q

What stores and secretes the catecholamine’s epinephrine and norepinephrine to produce a quick response, “fight or flight.”?

A

Adrenal medulla

41
Q

What is A complication related to the deficiency of insulin and the increase in catecholamine, cortisol, and glucagon?

A

Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)

42
Q

In the absence of insulin, the release of free fatty acids from adipocytes increases the production of what to do what?

A

ketone bodies to increase pH.

43
Q

Which state is a result of insulin deficiency with the absence of ketosis?

A

Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar State (HHS)

44
Q

How long does it take DKA to develop?

A

1-2 days

45
Q

What is likely to develop with Patients that are typically older or very young type 2 diabetics with other comorbidities?

A

HHS

46
Q

Both HHS and DKA have what in common?

A

• Decreased glucose utilization; a lot of glucose in the bloodstream
• Increased gluconeogenesis; increased production of glucagon
• An increase in glycogenolysis; increased destruction of glucose molecules

47
Q

The big differences between DKA and HHS are what?

A

• The presence of ketones in DKA
• DKA patient’s breath has a fruity odor due to the ketones
• Dehydration in HHS is more severe than in DKA

48
Q

The big differences between DKA and HHS are what?

A

• The presence of ketones in DKA
• DKA patient’s breath has a fruity odor due to the ketones
• Dehydration in HHS is more severe than in DKA

49
Q

A patient presents with the follow Sx, what is the Dx?

A

DKA

50
Q

Patient presents with the following Sx, what is the Dx?

A

DKA

51
Q

Patient presents with the following Sx, what is the Dx?

A

HHS

52
Q

Why is monitoring for hypokalemia important for DKA/ HHS Tx?

A

Potassium moves into the cell with insulin

53
Q

What is it called when the pituitary gland does not produce enough antidiuretic hormone?

A

Diabetes Insipidus

54
Q

What happens when the pituitary gland does not produce enough antidiuretic hormone?

A

Insufficient antidiuretic hormone activity causes excretion of large volumes of dilute urine

55
Q

You have a patient who is complaining of Polyuria, Nocturia (frequent urination at night), Thirst that is unresolved after oral replacement, Polydipsia ( about 8-12 L per day). What is the Dx?

A

Diabetes Insipidus

56
Q

What is it called when too much ADH is secreted from the pituitary gland causing increased plasma volume/water retention?

A

Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH)

57
Q

Will Nephrogenic DI respond to DDAVP?

A

No, only Neurogenic DI will

58
Q

SIADH can lead to what?

A

Hyponatremia (Serum sodium less than 135).

59
Q

What can aid the renal tubules to develop resistance to ADH?

A

Demeclocycline (tetracycline)- an antibiotic, is used to treat SIADH in the absence of infection because it aids the renal tubules to develop resistance to ADH, may be used to treat resistant or chronic SIADH.

60
Q

What is it called when there’s a Sudden release of T3 and T4 exceeds metabolic needs?

A

Thyroid storm/ Thyrotoxic Crisis

like giving the body jet fuel

61
Q

What is it called when a patient is in An extreme hypothyroid state that can lead to a diminished consciousness?

A

Myxedema Coma

The TSH levels are increased with a decreased T3 and T4.

62
Q

Why does Hypothermia happen in Myxedema Coma?

A

Hypothermia occurs because the decreased level thyroid hormone slows the body’s normal heat production

63
Q

Why does Hyponatremia happen in Myxedema Coma?

A

hyponatremia occurs because there is decreased free water excretion

*Increased ADH from hypothyroidism induces a decrease in cardiac output because of less volume.

64
Q

Adrenal Cortex disorders are characterized as
What?

A

hypocortisolism, which is a decreased serum cortisol level (adrenal steroids).

65
Q

What is a life-threatening state caused by insufficient levels of cortisol?

A

Adrenal Crisis or Addisonian Crisis.

66
Q

What can happen with Acute withdrawal of corticoids?

A

Adrenal Crisis or Addisonian Crisis.

results in crisis because the patient will have a sudden serum decrease of corticoids, causing a shock in the system

67
Q

What is the Dx?

A

Adrenal Crisis or Addisonian Crisis.

68
Q

What happens in primary adrenal cortex disorder ?

A

Adrenals are unable to secrete the adrenal hormones. Caused by adrenal gland insufficiency from an auto immune disorder

69
Q

What happens in secondary adrenal cortex disorder ?

A

The pituitary is diminished or unable to secrete adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) but has normal functioning adrenal glands and hypothalamus

70
Q

What happens in tertiary adrenal cortex disorder ?

A

The hypothalamus is diminished or unable to secrete corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH) but has normal functioning adrenal gland and pituitary glands

71
Q

Low levels of cortisol can cause?

A

Complete vascular collapse and shock

ECCC Block 3 (6 decks)

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