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Histology first semester 23-24 > block III: CT video 1 > Flashcards

block III: CT video 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Which tissues does connective tissue serve to connect?

A

epithelium, muscle and nerve

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2
Q

What are the adult types of Connective tissue?

A

Connective tissue proper (major type)
Specialized connective tissue

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3
Q

What are the embryonic types of Connective tissue?

A

Messenchymal CT (mesodermal organs)
Mucoid CT (found in umbilical cord)

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4
Q

Which is the general diffuse type of connective tissue found all through out the body connecting together the other tissues

A

Connective tissue proper

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5
Q

Which are the specialized connective tissues?

A
  1. Reticular connective tissue (Lymphatic and blood forming organs)
  2. Adipose tissue (fat)
  3. Cartilage
  4. Bone
  5. Blood
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6
Q

Where are most types of CT derived from?

A

undifferentiated mesenchymal cells of
the embryonic mesoderm (some CT comes from neural crest [from CT of head[)

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7
Q

What characterizes CT histologically in basic characteristics?

A

presence of cells which are typically widely
separated from each other by extensive
regions of an extracellular matrix
which typically consists of several types of
fibers and a ground substance.

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8
Q

Identify

A

mesentery spread as an example of
connective tissue

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9
Q

Identify

A

Micrograph of epithelium in small intestine showing tight spacing of epithelial cells with only small amounts of extracellular matrix

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10
Q

Identify

A

Micrograph of connective tissue in submucosa of small intestine
showing CT cells widely separated with extracellular space with
fibers and ground substance

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11
Q

What are some functions of CT?

A
  • connect together & strengthen the other tissues
  • provide a diffusional pathway for the movement of ions, molecules,
    and metabolites to the other tissues. (Blood vessels typically run in the connective tissue)
  • immunological defense (immunocompetent cells are typically present. In addition connective tissue acts as a physical barrier to microbes)
  • wound healing (scar formation)
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12
Q

What are the types of fibers in CT?

A
  1. Collagen fibers
  2. Reticular fibers
  3. Elastic fibers
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13
Q

identify

A

Micrograph of a mesentery spread showing stained collagen and elastic fibers as well as CT cells

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14
Q

What is the size and stain of collagen fibers?

A
  1. 2-30 microns (largest within CT proper)
  2. Stain with eosin in H&E preps
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15
Q

What are collagen fibers composed of and how do they look in electron microscope?

A
  1. collagen fibrils
  2. collagen fibrils are composed of collagen and show distinct 68nm cross striation in EM
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16
Q

Functions of collagen fibers

A

They have extreme tensile strength and depending on the numbers and arrangement they add mechanical strength to surrounding tissues [compared to steel, resist pulling forces]

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17
Q

identify

A

Micrograph of submucosa of small intestine showing collagen fibers
stained with H&E

18
Q

identify

A

EM showing collagen fibers composed of bundles of collagen fibrils, and a fibroblast cell

19
Q

identify

A

EM of collagen fibrils in dense irregular CT with and inset showing the cross-banding
structure of the fibrils (striated pattern) [distinct 68nm repeat]

20
Q

identify

A

Collagen Type I fibrils as seen in atomic
force microscope image. Note the striations [distinct 68nm repeat]

21
Q

WHat is the size of reticular fibers and its stain?

A
  1. about 1.5 microns in diameter
  2. not typically seen in routine H&E. Stained with silver metal containing stains
22
Q

What is the arrangement of reticular fibers?

A

arranged in a delicate meshwork or network of fibrils, rather than the large
bundles seen in collagen fibers

23
Q

Functions of reticular fibers

A

surround small blood vessels, small nerves, fat cells, and form the CT
framework of liver & most lymphoid and blood-forming tissues.

24
Q

identify

A

reticular fibers

25
Q

What is the structure of collagen?

A

linear molecule 1.5 nm diameter by 300nm length composed of three helically arranged polypeptide chains.

26
Q

What is present in the helical regions of collagen?

A

glycine, every third residue

27
Q

WHta is the percetange of hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine?

A

10% hydroxyproline
10% hydroxylysine

28
Q

Why are hydroxyproline residues important?

A

important in forming hydrogen bonds
between the polypeptides and
stabilize the triple helical structure

29
Q

Why is hydroxylysine important?

A

important for forming crosslinks between adjacent collagen molecules in the fibril. An enzyme lysl oxidase is required.

30
Q

WHat cofactors are important for hydroxylation reactions?

A

Vitamin c and iron; Thus diets including a
source of vitamin C (fruits and
vegetables) and iron (meat for
example) are important for proper
collagen synthesis.

31
Q

Where does the formation of the triple helical procollagen molecule occur?

A

RER of cytoplasm

32
Q

What final step forms collagen and where does it occur?

A

final clipping of the non-helical
ends of molecule assembly of the molecules to form the fibril or other arrangements of collagen; occurs extracellularly in association with indentations (coves) of the fibroblast cell surface

33
Q

How many types of collagen are there and which are the most important?

A

28 types, 4 are most important:
1. Type I
2. Type II
3. Type III
4. type IV

34
Q

Where is collagen type I found?

A

In dermis, bone, tendons, fibrocartilage, dentin, most organ capsules. Type found in collagen fibers (90% of collagen in body)

35
Q

Where is collagen type II found?

A

Found in all cartilages. (Fibrocartilage contains both Type II and Type I)

36
Q

Where is collagen type III found?

A

Found associated with blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic and blood forming tissues, the liver, lung. Type of collagen associated with reticular fibers

37
Q

Where is collagen type IV found?

A

Associated with basement membranes (non-fibrillar) [blood brain barrier]

38
Q

identify type of collagen present

A

Collagen Type I fibers in submucosal layer of small intestine

39
Q

identify type of collagen present

A

Hyaline cartilage containing Type II
collagen

40
Q

identify type of collagen present

A

Reticular fibers with Type III collagen stained with silver in lymph node

41
Q

What collagen is found in type I fibrils? What are they associated with?

A

Type V, XI, XII & XIV

Type V associates with surface of Type I collagen fibrils and type XI forms the initial core of the type I fibril. Small amounts of Type III may also be found

Types XII & XIV also attach to Type I fibrils and play a role in their 3D arrangement in CT

42
Q

What collagen is found in Type II fibrils? What are they associated with?

A

Collagen type IX, Associated with the surface of type II collagen fibrils forms links to other
extra-cellular molecules

Histology first semester 23-24 (22 decks)

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